scholarly journals Analysis of autosomal polygenic variation for the expression of Haldane's rule in flour beetles.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-799
Author(s):  
M J Wade ◽  
N A Johnson ◽  
G Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Incompatibility ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Flour Beetles ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Polygenic Variation

Abstract Haldane's rule states that, in interspecific crosses, when hybrid viability or fertility is diminished more in one sex of the hybrids than in the other, the heterogametic sex is more adversely affected. We used quantitative genetic methods to investigate the genetic basis of variation for the expression of the viability aspect of Haldane's rule when Tribolium castaneum males are crossed to Tribolium freemani females. Using a half-sib design, we found significant genetic variance for the expression of Haldane's rule, i.e., variation among T. castaneum sires in the hybrid sex ratios produced by their sons. We also derived 23 independent lineages from the same base population by 8 generations of brother-sister mating. From the same experiments, we also found heritable variation among surviving hybrid males in the incidence of antennal deformities. Upon inbreeding, the variance of both traits (hybrid sex ratio and proportion deformities) increased substantially but the means changed little. Because fitness within T. castaneum lineages declined substantially with inbreeding, we infer that hybrid male viability may have a different genetic basis than viability fitness within species. Deleterious recessive alleles held within species by mutation/selection balance appear not to be a major contributor to hybrid incompatibility.

scholarly journals The genetic basis of Haldane's rule and the nature of asymmetric hybrid male sterility among Drosophila simulans, Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila sechellia.

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
L W Zeng ◽  
R S Singh
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Drosophila Sechellia ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Drosophila Mauritiana

Abstract Haldane's rule (i.e., the preferential hybrid sterility and inviability of heterogametic sex) has been known for 70 years, but its genetic basis, which is crucial to the understanding of the process of species formation, remains unclear. In the present study, we have investigated the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility using Drosophila simulans, Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila sechellia. An introgression of D. sechellia Y chromosome into a fairly homogenous background of D. simulans did not show any effect of the introgressed Y on male sterility. The substitution of D. simulans Y chromosome into D. sechellia, and both reciprocal Y chromosome substitutions between D. simulans and D. mauritiana were unsuccessful. Introgressions of cytoplasm between D. simulans and D. mauritiana (or D. sechellia) also did not have any effect on hybrid male sterility. These results rule out the X-Y interaction hypothesis as a general explanation of Haldane's rule in this species group and indicate an involvement of an X-autosome interaction. Models of symmetrical and asymmetrical X-autosome interaction have been developed which explain the Y chromosome substitution results and suggest that evolution of interactions between different genetic elements in the early stages of speciation is more likely to be of an asymmetrical nature. The model of asymmetrical X-autosome interaction also predicts that different sets of interacting genes may be involved in different pairs of related species and can account for the observation that hybrid male sterility in many partially isolated species is often nonreciprocal or unidirectional.

scholarly journals Restricted X chromosome introgression and support for Haldane's rule in hybridizing damselflies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Swaegers ◽  
Rosa Ana Sanchez-Guillen ◽  
Pallavi Chauhan ◽  
Maren Wellenreuther ◽  
Bengt Hansson
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Genomic Introgression

Contemporary hybrid zones act as natural laboratories for the investigation of species boundaries and allow to shed light on the little understood roles of sex chromosomes in species divergence. Sex chromosomes are considered to function as a hotspot of genetic divergence between species; indicated by less genomic introgression compared to autosomes during hybridisation. Moreover, they are thought to contribute to Haldane's rule which states that hybrids of the heterogametic sex are more likely to be inviable or sterile. To test these hypotheses, we used contemporary hybrid zones of Ischnura elegans, a damselfly species that has been expanding its range into the northern and western regions of Spain, leading to chronic hybridization with its sister species Ischnura graellsii. We analysed genome-wide SNPs in the Spanish I. elegans and I. graellsii hybrid zone and found (i) that the X chromosome shows less genomic introgression compared to autosomes and (ii) that males are underrepresented among admixed individuals as predicted by Haldane's rule. This is the first study in Odonata that suggests a role of the X chromosome in reproductive isolation. Moreover, our data adds to the few studies on species with X0 sex determination system and contradicts the hypothesis that the absence of a Y chromosome causes exceptions to Haldane's rule.

scholarly journals Extensive introgression despite Haldane’s rule: insights from grasshopper hybrid zones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Hagberg ◽  
Enrique Celemin ◽  
Iker Irisarri ◽  
Oliver Hawlitschek ◽  
J L Bella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Species Formation

Although the process of species formation is notoriously idiosyncratic, the observation of pervasive patterns of reproductive isolation across species pairs suggests that generalities, or “rules”, underlie species formation in all animals. Haldane’s rule states that whenever a sex is absent, rare or sterile in a cross between two taxa, that sex is usually the heterogametic sex. Yet, understanding how Haldane’s rule first evolves and whether it is associated to genome wide barriers to gene flow remains a challenging task because this rule is usually studied in highly divergent taxa that no longer hybridize in nature. Here, we address these questions using the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus where populations that readily hybridize in two natural hybrid zones show hybrid male sterility in laboratorial crosses. Using mitochondrial data, we infer that such populations have diverged some 100,000 years ago, surviving multiple glacial periods in isolated Pleistocenic refugia. Nuclear data shows that secondary contact has led to extensive introgression throughout the species range, including between populations showing hybrid male sterility. We find repeatable patterns of genomic differentiation across the two hybrid zones, yet such patterns are consistent with shared genomic constraints across taxa rather than their role in reproductive isolation. Together, our results suggest that Haldane’s rule can evolve relatively quickly within species, particularly when associated to strong demographic changes. At such early stages of species formation, hybrid male sterility still permits extensive gene flow, allowing future studies to identify genomic regions associated with reproductive barriers.

A Phenotypic Test of Haldane's Rule in an Avian Hybrid Zone

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Smith ◽  
Sievert Rohwer
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Reference Samples

Abstract We introduce a phenotypic method to test for excess mortality in hybrids of the heterogametic sex, as expected from Haldane's rule, and apply this method to the unusually narrow hybrid zones between Hermit Warblers (Dendroica occidentalis) and Townsend's Warblers (D. townsendi) in the Pacific Northwest. Our test requires establishing comparable hybrid indices for male and female warblers. The hybrid index that we developed for females produced age-corrected distributions for phenotypically pure reference samples that closely matched those used by Rohwer and Wood (1998) for males. The similarity in these distributions enabled us to compare the relative frequency of males and females in hybrids and parentals. We detected no deficiency of hybrid females and thus no inviability in the heterogametic sex. Our failure to find evidence of the inviability component of Haldane's rule is not unexpected given the close relationship between these taxa; nonetheless, our methods should be generally useful for studies of hybrid zones.

Haldane's rule and heterogametic female and male sterility in the mouse

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G. Biddle ◽  
Brenda A. Eales ◽  
Wendy L. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Chromosome Marker ◽  
Haldane's Rule

Failed genetic experiments or experiments designed for other purposes sometimes reveal novel genetic information. The interspecific cross between laboratory strain mice of the Mus musculus musculus/domesticus complex and the separate species M. spretus is known to produce fertile F1 females and sterile F1 males. Infertility of the interspecific F1 XY male is said to be an example of what has become known as Haldane's rule: "When in the F1 offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous [heterogametic] sex." We attempted to use fertile single-X (or XO) female laboratory mice of the M. m. musculus/domesticus complex mated to M. spretus males to construct females with specific X chromosomes to study segregation distortion of X chromosome marker genes that we reported previously in crosses with the two species. We assumed that the interspecific F1 XO female would be fertile like the interspecific F1 XX female but, instead, we found that it is infertile. Haldane's rule is not specific to sex, but demonstration of this has required study of separate species pairs with heterogametic males or with heterogametic females. The fertile XO laboratory mouse is female, but it is also heterogametic, producing both X and nullo-X eggs. Infertility of both the interspecific and heterogametic F1 XO female and F1 XY male in the same cross between laboratory mice and M. spretus suggests that heterogamety is at the cause of the infertility. The most parsimonious interpretation is that there is an interaction between the single X and heterozygous or heterospecific autosomes that may affect the same fundamental step in both female and male meiosis in the interspecific F1 hybrid. This hypothesis is now testable in the mouse.Key words: interspecific crosses, mouse, Haldane's rule.

scholarly journals Chromosomal evolution in Raphicerus antelope suggests divergent X chromosomes may drive speciation through females, rather than males, contrary to Haldane's rule

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence J. Robinson ◽  
Halina Cernohorska ◽  
Svatava Kubickova ◽  
Miluse Vozdova ◽  
Petra Musilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Hybrid Incompatibility ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Karyotypic Variation ◽  
Female Hybrid

AbstractChromosome structural change has long been considered important in the evolution of post-zygotic reproductive isolation. The premise that karyotypic variation can serve as a possible barrier to gene flow is founded on the expectation that heterozygotes for structurally distinct chromosomal forms would be partially sterile (negatively heterotic) or show reduced recombination. We report the outcome of a detailed comparative molecular cytogenetic study of three antelope species, genus Raphicerus, that have undergone a rapid radiation. The species are largely conserved with respect to their euchromatic regions but the X chromosomes, in marked contrast, show distinct patterns of heterochromatic amplification and localization of repeats that have occurred independently in each lineage. We argue a novel hypothesis that postulates that the expansion of heterochromatic blocks in the homogametic sex can, with certain conditions, contribute to post-zygotic isolation. i.e., female hybrid incompatibility, the converse of Haldane’s rule. This is based on the expectation that hybrids incur a selective disadvantage due to impaired meiosis resulting from the meiotic checkpoint network’s surveillance of the asymmetric expansions of heterochromatic blocks in the homogametic sex. Asynapsis of these heterochromatic regions would result in meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin and, if this persists, germline apoptosis and female infertility.

scholarly journals Causes of sex ratio bias may account for unisexual sterility in hybrids: a new explanation of Haldane's rule and related phenomena.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
L D Hurst ◽  
A Pomiankowski
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Sex Ratio Bias ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Hybrid Cross

Abstract Unisexual hybrid disruption can be accounted for by interactions between sex ratio distorters which have diverged in the species of the hybrid cross. One class of unisexual hybrid disruption is described by Haldane's rule, namely that the sex which is absent, inviable or sterile is the heterogametic sex. This effect is mainly due to incompatibility between X and Y chromosomes. We propose that this incompatibility is due to a mutual imbalance between meiotic drive genes, which are more likely to evolve on sex chromosomes than autosomes. The incidences of taxa with sex chromosome drive closely matches those where Haldane's rule applies: Aves, Mammalia, Lepidoptera and Diptera. We predict that Haldane's rule is not universal but is correct for taxa with sex chromosome meiotic drive. A second class of hybrid disruption affects the male of the species regardless of which sex is heterogametic. Typically the genes responsible for this form of disruption are cytoplasmic. These instances are accounted for by the release from suppression of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters when in a novel nuclear cytotype. Due to the exclusively maternal transmission of cytoplasm, cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters cause only female-biased sex ratios. This asymmetry explains why hybrid disruption is limited to the male.

SEX CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS IN THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-333
Author(s):  
Martin L Tracey
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Fixation Probability ◽  
Chromosomal Imbalance ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Chromosome Translocations ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Heterogametic Sex

ABSTRACT Haldane's rule states that in organisms with differentiated sex chromosomes, hybrid sterility or inviability is generally expressed more frequently in the heterogametic sex. This observation has been variously explained as due to either genic or chromosomal imbalance. The fixation probabilities and mean times to fixation of sex-chromosome translocations of the type necessary to explain Haldane's rule on the basis of chromosomal imbalance have been estimated in small populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The fixation probability of an X chromosome carrying the long arm of the Y(X.YL) is approximately 30% greater than expected under the assumption of no selection. No fitness differences associated with the attached YL segment were detected. The fixation probability of a deficient Y chromosome is 300% greater than expected when the X chromosome contains the deleted portion of the Y. It is suggested that sex-chromosome translocations may play a role in the establishment of reproductive isolation.

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