scholarly journals The Importance of Bridge Jobs in America Today

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 809-809
Author(s):  
Kevin Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Bridge Employment ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Macroeconomic Volatility ◽  
Phased Retirement ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract Gradual retirement, consisting of phased retirement, bridge employment, and reentry, has been a persistent feature of older Americans’ work decisions for decades. This persistence is remarkable in light of the many changes to the retirement landscape that have taken place since the mid-1980s, including changes to Social Security incentives, private-sector pensions, and macroeconomic volatility. Our paper addresses two topics related to these retirement transitions. First, using 26 years of data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we quantify the prevalence of bridge employment among the initial group of HRS respondents. For the first time, bridge job prevalence can be calculated for a large cohort of older Americans who have completed their retirement transitions. Second, we comment on what these findings mean for policymakers, with respect to income inequality later in life, barriers to retirement pathways, and public-private sector differences, and what role public employers might be able to play.

Recent trends in wealth inequality among older Americans in two surveys

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Gabor Kezdi ◽  
Margaret Lay ◽  
David Weir
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Survey Of Consumer Finances ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Consumer Finances ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Social Security Wealth ◽  
Retirement Study

We document changes in wealth inequality across American households with a member aged 55 or older, comparing data in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) with that in the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) between 1998 and 2016. We examine net wealth including housing, financial and nonfinancial assets and debt, without the cash value of insurances, DB pensions or Social Security wealth. We find very similar distributions of net wealth in the two surveys between the 25th and 90th percentiles, but substantially higher wealth in the SCF at the top of the distribution. Both surveys show an increase in wealth inequality between 1998 and 2016, first mostly due to increased wealth at the top, and, after 2012, due to an increase in the share of households with very little wealth as well. Both surveys agree that wealth inequality by education and race, already substantial in 1998, increased further by 2016.

In Debt and Approaching Retirement: Claim Social Security or Work Longer?

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Butrica ◽  
Nadia S. Karamcheva
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Social Security Benefits ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Retirement Study

Over the past couple of decades, older Americans have become considerably more leveraged. This paper considers whether household debt affects the timing of retirement and Social Security benefit claiming. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that older adults with debt are more likely to work and less likely to receive Social Security benefits than those who are debt-free. Indebted adults are also more likely to delay fully retiring from the labor force and claiming their benefits. Among the sources of debt, mortgages have a stronger impact on older adults' behavior than do other sources of debt.

scholarly journals Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 416-416
Author(s):  
Michael Giandrea ◽  
Joseph Quinn ◽  
Lawrence Sacco ◽  
Loretta Platts ◽  
Kevin Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Bridge Employment ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
Social Security Benefits ◽  
Career Employment ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Total Wealth ◽  
Gradual Retirement

Abstract This paper explores how gradual retirement impacts inequality later in life, with a focus on transitions from career to bridge employment. We use 26 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to document the various pathways that older Americans take when exiting the labor force, and examine how bridge employment impacts non-housing wealth and total wealth, including the present discounted value of Social Security benefits. We find that gradual retirement in the form of bridge employment neither exacerbates nor mitigates wealth inequalities among Americans who held career jobs later in life. We do find evidence that wealth inequalities grow among the subset of older career workers who transition from career employment to bridge employer at older ages. These findings provide quantitative evidence that bridge employment at older ages is taken by those who need to continue working financially and those who continue working for nonpecuniary reasons.

Unrivalled Influence

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Herrin
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

This book explores the exceptional roles that women played in the vibrant cultural and political life of medieval Byzantium. This book evokes the complex and exotic world of Byzantium's women, from empresses and saints to uneducated rural widows. Drawing on a diverse range of sources, the book sheds light on the importance of marriage in imperial statecraft, the tense coexistence of empresses in the imperial court, and the critical relationships of mothers and daughters. It looks at women's interactions with eunuchs, the in-between gender in Byzantine society, and shows how women defended their rights to hold land. The book describes how women controlled their inheritances, participated in urban crowds demanding the dismissal of corrupt officials, followed the processions of holy icons and relics, and marked religious feasts with liturgical celebrations, market activity, and holiday pleasures. The vivid portraits that emerge here reveal how women exerted an unrivalled influence on the patriarchal society of Byzantium, and remained active participants in the many changes that occurred throughout the empire's millennial history. The book brings together the author's finest essays on women and gender written throughout the long span of her career. This volume includes three new essays published here for the very first time and a new general introduction. It also provides a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into her broader views about women and Byzantium.

scholarly journals Cystatin C Trajectories Among Middle-Aged and Older Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
Erfei Zhao ◽  
Eileen Crimmins ◽  
Jennifer Ailshire ◽  
Jung Ki Kim ◽  
Qiao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cystatin C ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Deterioration in kidney functioning is associated with aging and is a major risk factor for mortality and other poor health outcomes. Medicare expenses for poor kidney functioning are about 100 billion dollars every year. High Cystatin-C is an indicator of poor kidney functioning. We do not know if cystatin-C increases gradually as an individual ages. We use the Health and Retirement Study 2006/2008 Biomarker sample with follow-up for 8 years to examine this. Demographic and socioeconomic differences in trajectories of Cystatin-C trajectories were examined for 22,984 participants aged 50 and older. Growth curve models reveal that, although Cystatin-C increases with age (beta=0.025, p<0.001), the annual increase varies by age (60-69 = 0.005, 70-79 = 0.013, 80+ = 0.017, p<0.001), controlling for other socioeconomic variables. Cystatin-C increases faster for males than females. Cystatin-C of non-Hispanic Whites is lower than non-Hispanic Blacks but higher than Hispanics; there is no racial/ethnic difference in change over time. People who spent fewer years in school have higher Cystatin-C, and college graduates have slower growth in Cystatin-C compared to people who did not graduate from high school. These novel findings highlight the disparities in the process of kidney aging among older Americans.

Research trends in sociological studies on social security and welfare

2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092110053
Author(s):  
Koichi Hiraoka
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Broad Overview

This article reviews the research trends in welfare sociology (sociological studies on social security and welfare), one of the many subfields of active research in sociology in Japan. For this purpose, several research streams formed from the 1970s to the 2000s are described, and some of the most important research results produced within these in the past two decades are introduced. In the latter part of this article, a broad overview of the research trends in Japanese welfare sociology is attempted by focusing on the contents of the journal published by the Japan Welfare Sociology Association (JWSA).

Telluride and After

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
B. Ruby Rich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Film Festival ◽  
Center Stage ◽  
Kenneth Branagh ◽  
Todd Haynes ◽  
Telluride Film ◽  
Velvet Underground ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

FQ editor-in-chief B. Ruby Rich reports from the 48th edition of the Telluride Film Festival. Unlike most of its peer festivals, Telluride opted not to hold a virtual edition in 2020, a decision entirely in keeping with its emphasis on the tactile and experiential aspects of cinema, and which made its return in 2021 all the more giddy for first-time attendees and long-term devotees alike. Rich reviews the many festival highlights, from Jane Campion’s reinvention of the Western in The Power of the Dog to Todd Haynes’ archival documentary The Velvet Underground. Childhood takes center stage in new films from Céline Sciamma and Kenneth Branagh while misunderstood masculinity emerges as a theme in Michael Pearce’s Encounter, Asghar Farhadi’s A Hero, and Mike Mills’s C’mon C’mon. Including a coda on the New York Film Festival, Rich concludes that the masterful riches of the two festivals augur well for the fall 2021 season.

scholarly journals ISMB 2003 Bio-ontologies SIG and Sixth Annual Bio-ontologies Meeting Report

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Lord ◽  
Robert Stevens
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Meeting Report ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

The Annual Bio-Ontologies meeting (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/˜stevens/meeting03/) has now been running for 6 consecutive years, as a special interest group (SIG) of the much larger ISMB conference. It met in Brisbane, Australia, this summer, the first time it was held outside North America or Europe. The bio-ontologies meeting is 1 day long and normally has around 100 attendees. This year there were many fewer, no doubt a result of the distance, global politics and SARS. The meeting consisted of a series of 30 min talks with no formal peer review or publication. Talks ranged in style from fairly formal and complete pieces of work, through works in progress, to the very informal and discursive. Each year's meeting has a theme and this year it was ‘ontologies, and text processing’. There is a tendency for those submitting talks to ignore the theme completely, but this year's theme obviously struck a chord, as half the programme was about ontologies and text analysis (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/˜stevensr/meeting03/programme.html). Despite the smaller size of the meeting, the programme was particularly strong this year, meaning that the tension between allowing time for the many excellent talks, discussion and questions from the floor was particular keenly felt. A happy problem to have!

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