6. The disposal of property on death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Materials ◽  
Trust Intention

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter on the disposal of property on death discusses the following: the general characteristics of wills; the doctrine of incorporation by reference; the origins of the secret trust; the difference between fully and half-secret trusts; the three elements of a secret trust: intention, communication, and acquiescence; mutual wills; donatio mortis causa (death-bed gifts); and the rule in Strong v Bird. All four of these doctrines provide exceptions to the strict rules governing wills and provide another example of equity mitigating the harshness of the law.

20. Freehold Covenants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Bogusz ◽  
Roger Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Restrictive Covenants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concept Building ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the difference between restrictive and positive covenants; the rules which govern the running of the burden of covenants; the rules regulating who initially has the right to enforce a covenant; the significance of s56 of the Law of Property Act 1925, and the impact of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999; the rules regarding assignment of restrictive covenants; the concept ‘building scheme’; and whether a positive or restrictive covenant will pass to successors in title.

15. Constructive trusts and fiduciary duty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Fiduciary Duty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Law ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. The chapter looks at the nature of fiduciary duty and how someone becomes a fiduciary. The liability of fiduciaries for breach of trust is considered. Bribery and secret profits are explained, the meaning, nature, and approaches to constructive trusts are studied, and the various circumstances in which constructive trust might emerge are discussed. These include remedial and institutional constructive trusts. The liability of third parties (strangers) in constructive trusts as trustees de son tort, dishonest assisters, and those in knowing receipt are considered. The meanings of ‘knowledge’ and ‘dishonesty’ in this area of the law are explained, as is the level of liability of constructive trustees.

9. Charitable trusts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Public Benefit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Charity Commission ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Primary Materials ◽  
Sick Animal

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter on charitable trusts discusses the following: the legal and tax advantages of charitable status; the role of the Charity Commission; the legal definition of charity; the four heads of charity: poverty, education, religion, and other purposes beneficial to the community, such as help for the old and sick, animal welfare and recreation; the additional categories of charity introduced by the Charities Act 2011, the difference between the different public benefit requirements for different types of charity; and the basis of the cy-près doctrine.

8. Unincorporated associations and the beneficiary principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Legal Personality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Law ◽  
Own Name ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. All trusts, except for charities, require beneficiaries to enforce the trust. This can be inconvenient, so there are exceptions. Unincorporated associations are a type of organization that does not exist in the eyes of the law. They have no legal personality, therefore they cannot hold property in their own name. This chapter discusses the possible legal structures for unincorporated associations; the dissolution of unincorporated associations; the beneficiary principle; trusts for monuments or graves; trusts for the maintenance of particular animals; and trusts for the saying of masses.

20. Freehold Covenants

2019 ◽  
pp. 613-658
Author(s):  
Barbara Bogusz ◽  
Roger Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Restrictive Covenants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concept Building ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the difference between restrictive and positive covenants; the rules which govern the running of the burden of covenants; the rules regulating who initially has the right to enforce a covenant; the significance of s56 of the Law of Property Act 1925, and the impact of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999; the rules regarding assignment of restrictive covenants; the concept ‘building scheme’; and whether a positive or restrictive covenant will pass to successors in title.

18. Equitable remedies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter on equitable remedies discusses that the courts’ powers to grant equitable remedies are discretionary and that equitable remedies vary from case to case. It also looks at the difference between the principles governing the grant of general and specific injunctions and the principles governing the grant and refusal of specific performance. It also mentions that all equitable remedies are in personam and can be granted in respect of property outside the jurisdiction of the court.

5. Proprietary estoppel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Law ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter on proprietary estoppel discusses the following: the principle of estoppels; the key elements of proprietary estoppel; the importance of the principle of unconscionability; the need for a clear representation or acquiescence; the different types of detriment; the flexibility of an equitable remedy; and the similarities and differences between a proprietary estoppel and a constructive trust. Estoppel seems to offer an exception to the normal rules of legal formality—ie transactions involving land require writing—and so provides a classic example of equity moderating the harshness of the law.

4. The formality requirements and incompletely constituted trusts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Property ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter, which is on formality requirements and incompletely constituted trusts, discusses the different formality requirements for different types of property. It states that transactions in land require writing. It also looks at the difference between a declaration of trust and a transfer of property and mentions that the disposition of an equitable interest must be in writing; that contracts to transfer property to trustees can only be enforced by the parties to the contract, not the beneficiaries (incompletely constituted trusts); and that marriage settlements are an exception in that beneficiaries within the marriage consideration may enforce a contract to transfer property to the trustees.

17. Trusts of the family home

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clements ◽  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cohabiting Couples ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
Family Home ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Materials ◽  
Trust Of Land

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. Cohabiting couples could save themselves considerable legal trouble and expense if they make a written declaration of trust when acquiring a home to live in, but most do not. This chapter discusses the following: that cohabitation gives no special legal status; that a trust of land must be in writing; and that resulting and constructive trusts are an exception to the writing requirement. It also looks at the difference between the two categories of trust in Lloyds Bank v Rosset and the difference between the claim to an equitable interest in the property and the quantification of that interest as explained in Stack v Dowden.

11. Free movement of persons

2019 ◽  
pp. 522-582
Author(s):  
Elspeth Berry ◽  
Matthew J. Homewood ◽  
Barbara Bogusz
Keyword(s):  
Free Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
Free Movement Of Persons ◽  
The Right ◽  
Primary Materials ◽  
The Eu

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the scope of the right of the free movement of persons in the EU; the relevant Treaty provisions and secondary legislation provisions regarding the free movement of persons in the EU; the specific rights granted to workers and EU citizens under their general right of free movement; and limitations on the rights of free movement as provided for in primary and secondary legislation.

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