Margaret Clitherow

In the life of Margaret Clitherow (b. 1552/3–d. 1586), international Counter-Reformation piety met English national and provincial politics and led to the creation of a Catholic martyr. She was born Margaret Middleton in predominantly Protestant York and in 1571 married a widowed butcher and father of two, John Clitherow. By the end of 1574 she had given him at least two more children but had also embraced Catholicism, refusing to attend prescribed Protestant services. This recusancy resulted in three prison terms, each of six months or more, in 1577–1578, 1580–1581, and 1583–1584. She was particularly inspired by the heroism of missionary priests from the English seminaries in Continental Europe and made a point of sheltering them at the family home in York’s Shambles. One such was John Mush, who returned from Rome to England in 1583 and became her spiritual director from c. 1584. The 1585 Act against Jesuits and seminary priests made it a capital felony to harbor such clerics: the sentence could be death. On 10 March 1586 the Clitherows’ house was searched, evidence of Catholic worship was found and Margaret arrested. Her trial followed four days later, though it was for her refusal to enter a plea that she was sentenced to death peine forte et dure, being crushed to death. Her stepfather was then serving as York’s lord mayor, so it was a high-profile case in a close-knit community. Every effort was made to prevent the law taking its course, but Margaret would not be dissuaded from the path of martyrdom. The sentence was executed on 25 March, crushed to death under a door loaded with weights. Mush was among those who buried her body; he then wrote a life of the martyr. That Life is integral to all subsequent developments: popular Catholic devotion to the “Pearl of York,” her inclusion among the lives of the martyred priests, the opening of a formal process in 1874, beatification by Pius XI in 1929, and canonization—as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales—by Paul VI in 1970. Apart from the pious and the scholarly, there are few obvious divisions within the literature on Margaret Clitherow: Reference Works and an Overview derive from John Mush’s Life. Other Lives either parallel Mush or follow in his wake, though there are many other sources for wider studies of Recusancy in Yorkshire. For the martyr’s Trial and Death one must rely on Mush and his sources. His failure to locate the place of her burial has had diverse consequences, as conveyed in the final section of the present article, Burial and Legacy.

Home education and the functioning of a nation – theory and practice (on the polish example)

Home education is one of the legal (in countries that recognize it) forms of compulsory education for children and youth, which in practice consists in educating minors in the family home, without attending school. Home education understood in this way is becoming more and more popular globally. Perhaps this is due to its advantages. When considering the advantages of home education, one should also take into account (regardless of various problems associated with it) the benefits it brings to various social communities. In this article, the subject of comments is the relationship between home education and the functioning of national communities. An example is Poland as a state and nation.

Izolacja a obóz koncentracyjny. Prolegomena

Everyone is created to live in a herd, a group of people with whom they build a community. The community may be the family home, friends, acquaintances from work, the backyard or eventhe street. We feel better when we meet other people. When modern man speaks of isolation, he thinks only of closing himself off at home, peace and quiet, lack of contact with his family or going off into the unknown. He does not think of the forced isolation that prevailed among people in wartime. It determined everyday life, changed people’s values and dehumanised them. The worst was the camp isolation, which took people by surprise. No one expected that someone could deprive people of their lives, away from family and friends. Isolation can be divided into sectors: internal and external. With time it is possible to get out of it. A person’s attitude and the presence of other helpful people can help. People in the camp escaped isolation in different ways. The longing for love, the touch of another human being, tenderness and a smile had different faces. One of the themes of camp life was children going to slaughter. They did not realise that they would disappear from the face of the earth together with their parents. Smiling, carefree children were not afraid of anything, they felt no fear or exclusion. International cooperation was the order of the day in many camps. Although the women did not know the language, they used gestures, similar expressions. Each of the women prisoners sensed their fate and therefore needed each other’s help. No matter what country the prisoners came from, no matter what part of Europe, they all fought to survive. For many of them the camp became a home, where relationships proved beneficial. The escape from camp “happiness” was all-day work outside the camp. Prisoners would go out on purpose to do hard work in the fi elds, digging pits, in order not to see what was going on in the camp. The variety of isolation is beyond comparison. It is possible to live in isolation, to have contact with others, but to be well aware that one day normality will return. The people in the camp also had hope, but they knew that this hope could end rather quickly for them — in the crematorium.

Religious and museum tourism to Museum of the Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice

The research was aimed at identifying changes in tourist traffic – religious tourism and museum tourism to the Museum of the Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice in 1996–2019. The museum was opened in 1984 in the house where Karol Wojtyła, Pope John Paul II, was born in 1920. The thorough reconstruction between 2010 and 2014 resulted in the establishment of a museum with a modern multimedia narrative exhibition. In recent years, the museum has been visited by more than 200 thousand tourists a year, including 40 thousand foreigners from more than 100 countries worldwide. During the years 1996–2019 the number of international tourists rose more than twice. The greatest boom in the visits to the museum was noted in 2005 and was associated with the disease, death, funeral, and increasing worship of Pope John Paul II. Following decreased interest in visits to the museum during the period of 2010–2014, which was due to the museum renovation, a revival and increase in visits to the museum was observed again. Changes that were observed in the museum during the last twenty-five years were identified, among other things, thanks to field research involving observations and interviews with museum curators and staff. Analyses of tourist visits to the museum were based on detailed data provided by the museum managers. In the elaboration of the collected research results descriptive-analytical, dynamic-comparative and cartographic methods were used.

An Evaluation of the Performance of a Ground-to-Air Heat Exchanger in Different Ventilation Scenarios in a Single-Family Home in a Climate Characterized by Cold Winters and Hot Summers

In the present study, the real-world performance of a ground-to-air heat exchanger (GAHE) was analyzed in the Polish climate which is characterized by warm summers and cold winters. The heat exchanger’s performance was monitored over a period of three years (2017 to 2019), and real-world conditions were compared with a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY). The aim of the study was to assess the exchanger’s energy-efficiency potential in various ventilation scenarios in a single-family home under variable real-world conditions, rather than to simply determine its heating and cooling capacity. The analyzed single-family home was a modern, single-story building with a usable floor area of 115 m2. The building’s thermal insulation and airtightness met stringent energy-efficiency standards. Energy consumption in a building equipped with a natural ventilation system was compared with three other scenarios: ventilation coupled with a GAHE, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and a high-efficiency heat exchanger (HE), and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery coupled with a GAHE. Sensible heating and cooling loads were calculated based on standard ISO 13790:2008, and latent heating and cooling loads were also included in the energy balance. During the year, the GAHE generated around 257.6 W of heating energy per hour and 124.7 W of cooling energy per hour. Presented results can be used to select the optimal HVAC system scenarios for engineering projects as well as private investors.

Boomerang Kids in the Pandemic: How High-Income Families Are Their Own Safety Net

In this Economic Commentary, we use the Current Population Survey to identify and examine the influx of young adults who moved in with their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic—the so-called boomerang kids—and how being in their family home influences their labor market decisions and sensitivity to occupational risk relative to that of other young adults. We find that most boomerang kids come from high-income families that can financially support them through nonemployment spells that are, on average, longer than those of young adults not living with their parents. Young adults living with their parents are also more responsive to the risk of COVID-19 exposure in the workplace and are less likely to work in occupations with high exposure risk.

Bad Space

Gregor Schneider’s domestic installation space Haus u r is space gone bad, space rendered alien. The processual installation, which defies easy categorization as an artwork, has since 1985 involved the obsessive deconstruction and reconstruction of the interiors of Schneider’s family home in Germany. Anchored by an interrogation of space as a form of mediated materiality, this article pursues the ways in which space can be languaged. By first arguing that conventional understandings of space reify a spatial anthropocentrism, it then explores the way in which Haus u r makes evident the potential for an autonomous spatial languaging beyond culturally imposed presuppositions relating to space. Through the symbolic disembodiment of its viewers and the repudiation of their perceptual agency, Schneider’s piece deposes the supremacy of the human as a perceiving and meaning-making subject, allowing for the conceptualization of other linguistic and spatial agencies outside of human paradigms of interpretation.

The house as an educating space. Pedagogical reflections starting from a study during the lockdown

This contribution aims to explore and reflect, from a pedagogical perspective, on the home as a place of education for the children who live there, from the perspective offered by the current pandemic emergency. In early childhood, the family home is the place where children begin to become aware of themselves (Leccardi et al., 2011), and to exist precisely from the space of the home (Giordano, 1997). The COVID-19 emergency has forced a return to the home, leading us to rethink the role of the home. We therefore intend to share some pedagogical reflections based on the results of a qualitative research (part of the European project Erasmus + DEPCIP) conducted during the lockdown of March-May 2020 and aimed at understanding the impact that a prolonged period of confinement has had on the family environment. The contribution is based on qualitative-quantitative research (Teddlie, Tasshakori, 2006), conducted through the semi-structured Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI). The study reached, through written interviews, about 1000 parents in lockdown from the countries involved in the project, of which about 400 Italian parents. The study also investigated the relationships with domestic and public spaces, showing how isolation has caused a redefinition of the families' 'home geographies' (Blunt, Varley 2004). Starting from the results of the research, this paper will reflect on the complexity of the meanings of home that have been experienced during this emergency period and its repercussions on the educational level.