Immunomodulation of Domestic Animals Using Conventional Methods and Panchgavya

With increase in the prevalence of diseases mainly the new emerging diseases, finding a cure is like dodging a bullet. Not only this, but the new world also has to fight against emerging drug resistance among pathogens. Overall, the possibility of survival not only depends on combating the diseases by using expensive resources but it now relies more on immunity building. This fact is applicable in the livestock sector as well. The farmer's economy mainly depends upon the production performance of his livestocks. Also, maximum part of his earnings spends on the feed, fodder, feed additives and other production enhancing drugs. But a single sick animal can disturb the entire planning of a small farmer. Hence the main objective of this article is to focus on the herbal ways that could help in the immunomodulation of livestock and thus conserving both time and money of the farmers. Many villagers of India use their heritage and knowledge to defeat the diseases and enhance the productivity of their livestock. On other side, Panchgavya came like a missile against the body ailments of humans. Research product of algae and their use as immunomodulators and production enhancers is now available as a boon in the market. But still there is a lot to search. Overall, relying totally on the drugs for relief, creates loss both in terms of animal health, productivity and farmer's economy. So, prevention via immunomodulators is the best weapon to make our animals healthy and to be wealthy.

Clinical Incidence of Diseases in Cattle and Goat at Different Area of Bera Upzilla in Pabna District of Bangladesh

Ruminant, especially cattle and goats constitute the major portion of the livestock which are usually suffered from a wide range of diseases. Hence, this study was designed to determine clinical cases of cattle and goat in relation to different parameter. A total of 106 sick ruminants (cattle = 56, goat = 50) in different area of Bera upzilla, Pabna were investigated during March to September, 2016. The parasitic infestation (32.1%) in cattle and viral diseases (36%) in goat were higher. In relation to sex, the disease frequencies were higher in female goat of 56.0% and reproductive diseases in female cattle of 66.7%. Among the clinical case, 70% was in black bangle goat. On the other side, the vaccination and grazing system had strong significant (p<0.01) association with disease frequencies having the chi-square value of 36.036 and 35.617, p<0.01, with Phi (φ) coefficient of 0.583 and -0.580 respectively. Besides this, the male owner of clinically sick animal was higher of 71.40% for cattle and 52% for goat with chi-square value, (N=106) = 4.244, p<0.05, φ coefficient of 0.20 indicating a significantly moderate association. However, these two ruminants (cattle and goat) are mostly vulnerable to parasitic infestation and viral diseases.

Analysis of the economic efficiency of antiparasitic treatments in sheep breeding in the Stavropol Territory

The purpose of the research is to analyze the economic efficiency of planned antiparasitic deworming in sheep-breeding farms by the veterinary service of the region.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out using statistical data from the Veterinary Directorate of the Stavropol Territory for 2015-2019 and guidelines for determining the economic efficiency of antiparasitic measures. Economic losses were estimated at regional purchase prices for livestock products as of 2019. The calculations used indicators such as morbidity, mortality, and specific losses of the main product (meat, wool) per sick animal. The economic efficiency of veterinary measures for parasitic diseases of sheep was determined by the indicator of the prevented economic damage.Results and discussion. Analysis of the results of the treatment of sheep by the veterinary service of the region over a five-year period for the prevention of parasitic diseases showed that they annually carry out a large amount of antiparasitic treatments, but it should be noted that their number for all infestations decreased in 2019 compared to 2015 from 10180.0 thousand to 5231.0 thousand. Actual economic damage from parasitic diseases amounted to 10343.5 thousand rubles, and the amount of economic damage prevented as a result of planned deworming of sheep was 3.6 times higher than the amount of actual economic damage and amounted to 37895.7 thousand rubles.

DIAGNOSIS OF UROCYSTITIS IN A DOMESTIC CAT (CLINICAL CASE)

Urocystitis, as a nosological unit, explains the inflammatory process of acute or chronic nature in the bladder and urethra. This disease is quite common among cats kept indoors. Early diagnosis of urocystitis, in particular differential, is difficult and should be comprehensive, and include: collection of medical history, clinical examination of a sick animal, laboratory examination of urine, ultrasound (ultrasound diagnosis) of the urinary system. The article presents a clinical case from the veterinary practice of diagnosing urocystitis in a domestic cat. The research was conducted according to generally accepted methods, using special equipment. Catheterization of the bladder was performed to select urine. Changes in the clinical condition characterized by oppression of the animal, pale mucous membranes, anorexia, dysuria, forced posture of the animal, hematuria. Urination in a sick animal is frequent and difficult, or no, hyperemia of the penis, there is pain on palpation of the bladder. In the urine of animals with urocystitis revealed a decrease in relative density to 1.017 g / m3 and an increase in pH to 6.6. Epithelial cells of the bladder, leukocytes (up to 10 cells in the field of view) and a significant number of erythrocytes were registered in the sediment. Biochemical examination diagnosed elevated urea content, which corresponded to 18.8 mmol / l and creatinine - 158.1 μmol / l, respectively. The results of ultrasonographic examination of the urinary system in a sick animal are highlighted. Changes in the size of the bladder due to significant filling of urine, diffuse thickening of its walls and the presence of sediment in the form of flakes, which is easily moved and visualized sharply echopositively. Diagnostic tests and their analysis confirmed the diagnosis of urocystitis in a domestic cat.

MOSQUITOES AS A VECTOR OF TRANSFER OF ANTHROPOSOZOUS DISEASES

Статья посвящена ситуации по зооантропонозным заболеваниям, в передаче которых принимают участие кровососущие насекомые. Проанализирована эпидемиологическая ситуация по малярии, туляремии и дирофиляриозу в Кировской области, приведены данные по частоте заболеваемости малярией и туляремией, а также их сезонная и территориальная зависимость. По данным Панюковой Е.В. (2015) на территории Кировской области зарегистрировано 25 видов комаров, являющихся типичными представителями для лесной зоны. Единичные случаи малярии объясняются миграцией населения из неблагополучных стран по данному заболеванию. Природный очаг по туляремии поддерживают мелкие грызуны, которые в большом количестве присутствуют на территории Кировской области: полевая мышь, серая и черная крыса, разные виды серых полевок. Вспышка туляремии, имеющая трансмиссивный характер, с числом случаев регистрации болезни у 20 и 25 человек, зарегистрирована была соответственно в 2012 и 2015 годах. Дирофиляриоз человека в Кировской области впервые зарегистрирован в 2008 году. Наиболее частым клиническим проявлением заболевания является дирофиляриоз органа зрения. Комары рода Aedes и Culex участвуют в жизненном цикле дирофилярий, являясь вектором передачи инвазионных личинок от больного животного к человеку. При проведении ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы дирофилярии выявлены в мясе медведей. С 2013 года по настоящее время дирофиляриоз ежегодно регистрируется у служебных собак, с максимальной экстенсивностью инвазии в 2013 году 30,2%. Природные очаги зооантропонозов поддерживают в Кировской области благоприятные условия для жизнедеятельности как кровососущих насекомых, так и их прокормителей. Важным звеном в профилактике данных заболеваний является активная санитарно-просветительная работа среди населения. The article describes the situation of zooanthroponic diseases, in the transmission of which mosquitoes take part. The epidemiological situation of malaria, tularemia and dirofilariasis in the Kirov region was analyzed. Information was obtained on the incidence rate, seasonal and territorial dependence of malaria, tularemia and dirofilariasis. According to studies (E.V. Panyukova, 2015), 25 species of mosquitoes were registered in the Kirov region. Isolated cases of malaria are explained by the migration of the population from disadvantaged countries. The natural focus on tularemia is supported by small rodents, which are present in large numbers in the Kirov region: field mouse, gray and black rats, and different types of gray voles. The outbreak of tularemia, which is transmissible in nature, with the number of cases of disease registration in 20 and 25 people, was recorded in 2012 and 2015, respectively. Dirofilariasis of man in the Kirov region was first registered in 2008. Often recorded dirofilariasis of the organ of vision. Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and Culex participate in the life cycle of dirofilariae, being a vector of transmission of invasive larvae from a sick animal to humans. During the veterinary and sanitary examination, dirofilaria were detected in the meat of bears. From 2013 to the present, dirofilariasis is registered every year in service dogs, with a maximum invasion rate in 2013 of 30.2%. The natural focus of zooanthroponoses in the Kirov region is supported by favorable conditions for the life of both blood-sucking insects and their hosts. An important link in the prevention of these diseases is active health education among the population.

Вариабельность чувствительности условно-патогенной микрофлоры к антибактериальным средствам при болезнях телят

Исследовано применение в условиях производства экспресс-метода определения чувствительности микрофлоры к антимикробным препаратам при желудочно-кишечных болезнях молодняка крупного рогатого скота смешанной этиологии. Исследования проводились в два этапа. На первом этапе по базе данных за три года была изучена динамика активности антибиотиков в отношении патогенной микрофлоры, полученной от телят с подозрениями на инфекционные заболевания из хозяйств Ивановской области.Установлено, что чувствительность патогенной микрофлоры к антибактериальным препаратам имеет волнообразный характер, то есть год подъёма уровня чувствительности чередуется с годом повышения резистентности микрофлоры. На втором этапе проводили корректировку лечения телят путём определения активности антибактериальных средств на момент лечения. Для проведения эксперимента подобраны 2 группы полуторамесячных телят по девять голов в каждой с патологией пищеварительной системы. Чувствительность выделенных микроорганизмов к антибактериальным препаратам определялась параллельно классическим диско-диффузным методом в условиях лаборатории, а предложенное авторами экспресс-исследование производили в условиях хозяйства. Установлено, что результаты обоих методов практически не отличаются. У телят с одним и тем же диагнозом, одного возраста, содержащихся в одних и тех же условиях, с одним уровнем кормления определена разная чувствительность микрофлоры к одним и тем же антибактериальным средствам. Поэтому курс лечения был подобран индивидуально по каждому больному животному, исходя из препаратов, имеющихся на предприятии. Экспресс-метод определения чувствительности патогенной микрофлоры к антибактериальным средствам, проводимый в производственных условиях, позволил в короткие сроки назначать лечение, выбирая более эффективное антибактериальное средство и корректировать его активность по ходу курса терапии.The application in production conditions of the express method for determining the sensitivity of microflora to antimicrobials in the gastrointestinal diseases of young cattle of mixed etiology was studied. The researches were carried out in two stages. At the first stage the dynamics of the activity of antibiotics against pathogenic microflora obtained from calves with suspected infectious diseases from the farms of the Ivanovo Region was studied over a three-year database. It was established that the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to antimicrobials has a wave-like character that is the year of raising the level of sensitivity was punctuated with the year of increasing microflora resistance. At the second stage the treatment of calves was adjusted by determining the activity of antibacterials at the time of treatment. For the experiment 2 groups of one-and-a-half-month calves were selected by nine heads in each with a pathology of the digestive system. The sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms to antibacterial drugs was determined in parallel with the classical diffusion test in a laboratory and the instant testing proposed by the authors was carried out on a farm environment. It was found that the results of both methods are practically the same. In calves with the same diagnosis, of the same age, keeping in the same conditions, with the same level of feeding, different sensitivity of microflora to the same antibacterial agents was determined. Therefore, the course of treatment was selected individually for each sick animal based on the drugs available at the enterprise. The express method for determining the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to antibacterials carried out under production conditions made it possible to prescribe treatment in a short time, choosing a more effective antibacterial agent and adjust its activity during the course of therapy.

New immune response modulator for poultry

Wide application of non-specific drugs in veterinary in order to increase general and specific resistance of an organism, to correct immunity, prevent diseases and treat sick animal will allow reducing morbidity and in the long run to increase productivity of animals. Thus, search for effective and inexpensive immune response modulators that may allow reducing the incidence of antibiotic use is a current task that veterinary service is facing nowadays. The goal of this research was to study the influence of immune response modulators onto the organisms of broiler chickens to propose this preparation as an alternative to antibiotics. As a result of the research, it has been established that medicating broiler chickens with Getmik against the background of removing antibacterial preparations from the medical and preventive procedures facilitates increased gains in poultry and improves natural tolerance. Recommendations are given for application of Getmik in broiler farming as an alternative to antibacterial drugs.

Комплексное лечение больных ревматоидным миокардитом коров

Ревматоидный миокардит у коров протекает остро и характеризуется быстрым развитием клинических симптомов, поражает соединительную ткань сердечнососудистой системы (эндокард, миокард, реже перикард) и крупные суставы. Проявляется как осложнение при инфекционных и гемоспоридиозных болезнях, интоксикациях химическими и медикаментозными ядами, а также при аутоинтоксикациях вследствие поражения кишечника, почек. Воспалительный процесс развивается под воздействием токсинов основного заболевания. Всё это ведёт к нарушению портального кровообращения, развитию застоя крови в печени, кишечнике, легких. Как следствие возникает одышка, цианоз, отёки (начинаются на нижних частях тела), резкие нарушения ритма. Общее состояние больного животного резко ухудшается, и на фоне токсикоаллергических состояний могут возникать артриты. У коров могут быть послеродовые осложнения. В крови отмечают несоответствие гематологических и биохимических показателей. Своевременная диагностика и комплексное лечение коров с использованием средств патогенетической и симптоматической терапии позволяют восстановить нарушенные функции организма и продуктивность животных.Rheumatoid myocarditis in cows follows acute and is characterized by the rapid development of clinical symptoms, affects the connective tissue of the cardiovascular system (endocardium, myocardium, less often the pericardium) and major joints. It is come out as a complication of infectious and hemosporidial diseases, intoxication with chemical and drug poisons as well as during autointoxication due to bowel and kidney damage. The inflammatory process develops under the influence of toxins of the underlying disease. All this leads to a violation of the portal circulation, the development of blood stagnation in the liver, bowel, lungs. As a result, apnoea, cyanosis, edema (start on the lower parts of the body), sharp rhythm disturbances occur. The general condition of the sick animal is deteriorating dramatically and arthritides can occur in the course of toxicoallergic conditions. Cows can have postpartum complications. There is a discrepancy between hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood. Timely diagnosis and complex treatment of cows with the use of pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy can restore impaired body functions and animal productivity.

THE ROLE OF MOSQUITOES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTHROPOZOONOSIS

Climate change leads to a change in the distribution of insects, including blood-sucking. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases. Every year in the Kirov region up to 1100 diseases of natural focal infec-tions are registered. The temperate continental climate, abundant rainfall (500-680 mm per year) with a predominance of up to 70% in warm weather, the presence of forests and water bodies, swamped territory (40%) are favorable factors for the de-velopment of mosquitoes. On the territory of the region 25 species of mosquitoes of 5 genus are registered. The information on the fauna of mosquitoes on the territory of the Kirov region, the meteorological situation, and the epizoological situation on anthropozoonotic diseases, including dirofilariasis, were analyzed. Since 1942, the region has been unfavorable for tularemia with the last outbreak in 2012 near the floodplain of the Vyatka River. Since 2008, cases of human dirofilariasis with local-ization of the pathogen in the organs of vision have been recorded annually in the Kirov region. May – September is the most favorable for human infection, subject to the presence of a sick animal and a significant number of blood-sucking insects. Since 2013, cases of dirofilariasis of domestic and working dogs have been reported in the Kirov region, which indicates the presence of a local focus of dirofilariasis, in which mosquitoes are carriers of human and dog diseases. In dogs, the subcutane-ous (pathogen Dirofilaria repens) or cardiac (pathogen Dirofilaria immitis) forms of anthropozoonosis are recorded. The cardiac form of the disease is the most atypical. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis is made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, laboratory tests for the detection of microfilariae in the blood.