scholarly journals Descriptive epidemiology of energy expenditure in the UK: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–15

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren Brage ◽  
Tim Lindsay ◽  
Michelle Venables ◽  
Katrien Wijndaele ◽  
Kate Westgate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Activity Energy

Abstract Background Little is known about population levels of energy expenditure, as national surveillance systems typically employ only crude measures. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in the UK measured energy expenditure in a 10% subsample by gold-standard doubly labelled water (DLW). Methods DLW-subsample participants from the NDNS (383 males, 387 females) aged 4–91 years were recruited between 2008 and 2015 (rolling programme). Height and weight were measured and body-fat percentage estimated by deuterium dilution. Results Absolute total energy expenditure (TEE) increased steadily throughout childhood, ranging from 6.2 and 7.2 MJ/day in 4- to 7-year-olds to 9.7 and 11.7 MJ/day for 14- to 16-year-old girls and boys, respectively. TEE peaked in 17- to 27-year-old women (10.7 MJ/day) and 28- to 43-year-old men (14.4 MJ/day), before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical-activity energy expenditure (PAEE) declined steadily with age from childhood (87 kJ/day/kg in 4- to 7-year-olds) through to old age (38 kJ/day/kg in 71- to 91-year-olds). No differences were observed by time, region and macronutrient composition. Body-fat percentage was strongly inversely associated with PAEE throughout life, irrespective of expressing PAEE relative to body mass or fat-free mass. Compared with females with <30% body fat, females with >40% recorded 29 kJ/day/kg body mass and 18 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE in analyses adjusted for age, geographical region and time of assessment. Similarly, compared with males with <25% body fat, males with >35% recorded 26 kJ/day/kg body mass and 10 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE. Conclusions This first nationally representative study reports levels of human-energy expenditure as measured by gold-standard methodology; values may serve as a reference for other population studies. Age, sex and body composition are the main determinants of energy expenditure. Key Messages This is the first nationally representative study of human energy expenditure, covering the UK in the period 2008-2015. Total energy expenditure (MJ/day) increases steadily with age throughout childhood and adolescence, peaks in the 3rd decade of life in women and 4th decade of life in men, before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical activity energy expenditure (kJ/day/kg or kJ/day/kg fat-free mass) declines steadily with age from childhood to old age, more steeply so in males. Body-fat percentage is strongly inversely associated with physical activity energy expenditure. We found little evidence that energy expenditure varied by geographical region, over time, or by dietary macronutrient composition.

Physical activity energy expenditure and fat-free mass: Relationship with metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese postmenopausal women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Maréchal ◽  
Ahmed Ghachem ◽  
Denis Prud'Homme ◽  
Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret ◽  
Isabelle J. Dionne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Framingham Risk ◽  
Menopause Transition ◽  
Activity Energy

Menopause transition is associated with detrimental changes in physical activity, body composition and metabolic profile. Although physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals at higher risk of CVD, the association is unknown in low-risk individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between PAEE and MetS (prevalence and severity) in inactive overweight or obese postmenopausal women with a low Framingham Risk Score (FRS:< 10%). Cross-sectional data of 126 participants were divided into quartiles based on PAEE (Q1= lowest PAEE) while fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by DXA. MetS prevalence was significantly different between Q1 and Q4 (37.9% vs 13.3%, p= 0.03). After controlling for potential confounders, MetS severity was negatively associated with PAEE (B= -0.057, p< 0.01) and positively with FFM (B= 0.038, p< 0.001). Moderation analyses indicated that a greater FFM exacerbated the association between PAEE and MetS severity in Q1 and Q2 (PAEE*FFM; B= -0.004; p= 0.1). Our results suggest that displaying a low FRS and lower PAEE increase MetS prevalence and severity. In addition, greater FFM interacts with lower PAEE to worsens MetS severity, while higher PAEE lessened this effect. Novelty - Inactive individuals displaying higher daily PAEE also have a lower MetS prevalence - Greater fat-free mass is associated with a worse MetS severity where a higher PAEE mitigates this deleterious effect in our cohort

Energy expenditure in children of lean and obese parents

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5) ◽  
pp. E917-E924 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
W. H. Carpenter ◽  
A. McGloin ◽  
R. Johnson ◽  
J. M. Hardin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Children Obesity ◽  
Activity Energy

We evaluated whether children of obese parents have defects in energy expenditure in a study of 73 children (5 +/- 0.9 yr of age) of lean and obese parents. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 14 days by use of doubly labeled water and physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) derived by subtracting resting energy expenditure (REE) under postprandial conditions. Fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured in children and parents with use of bioelectrical resistance. There were no significant correlations between TEE, REE, or AEE in children (after adjustment for FFM) and body fat in children or body fat in mothers or fathers. In three-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, with FFM as a covariate), there were no significant effects of gender in children, obesity in mothers, or obesity in fathers on TEE or AEE in children. There was a significant effect of gender and a significant interaction between obesity in mothers and obesity in fathers on REE; relative to children with two nonobese or two obese parents, REE was approximately 6% lower in children when mothers only or fathers only were obese. In conclusion, our data do not support the hypothesis that children of obese parents have major defects in energy expenditure.

Energy requirements and physical activity in free-living older women and men: a doubly labeled water study

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Starling ◽  
Michael J. Toth ◽  
William H. Carpenter ◽  
Dwight E. Matthews ◽  
Eric T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Energy

Determinants of daily energy needs and physical activity are unknown in free-living elderly. This study examined determinants of daily total energy expenditure (TEE) and free-living physical activity in older women ( n = 51; age = 67 ± 6 yr) and men ( n = 48; age = 70 ± 7 yr) by using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Using multiple-regression analyses, we predicted TEE by using anthropometric, physiological, and physical activity indexes. Data were collected on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak), leisure time activity, and plasma thyroid hormone. Data adjusted for body composition were not different between older women and men, respectively (in kcal/day): TEE, 2,306 ± 647 vs. 2,456 ± 666; RMR, 1,463 ± 244 vs. 1,378 ± 249; and physical activity energy expenditure, 612 ± 570 vs. 832 ± 581. In a subgroup of 70 women and men, RMR andV˙o 2 peakexplained approximately two-thirds of the variance in TEE ( R 2 = 0.62; standard error of the estimate = ±348 kcal/day). Crossvalidation of this equation in the remaining 29 women and men was successful, with no difference between predicted and measured TEE (2,364 ± 398 and 2,406 ± 571 kcal/day, respectively). The strongest predictors of physical activity energy expenditure ( P < 0.05) for women and men were V˙o 2 peak( r = 0.43), fat-free mass ( r = 0.39), and body mass ( r = 0.34). In summary, RMR andV˙o 2 peak are important independent predictors of energy requirements in the elderly. Furthermore, cardiovascular fitness and fat-free mass are moderate predictors of physical activity in free-living elderly.

The Influence of Age, Sex and Body Mass Index on the Effectiveness of Brisk Walking for Obesity Management in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Mabire ◽  
Ramakrishnan Mani ◽  
Lizhou Liu ◽  
Hilda Mulligan ◽  
David Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Brisk Walking ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Fat Percentage

Background:Brisk walking is the most popular activity for obesity management for adults. We aimed to identify whether participant age, sex and body mass index (BMI) influenced the effectiveness of brisk walking.Methods:A search of 9 databases was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two investigators selected RCTs reporting on change in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat percentage following a brisk walking intervention in obese adults.Results:Of the 5072 studies screened, 22 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled mean differences were: weight loss, –2.13 kg; BMI, –0.96 kg/m2; waist circumference, –2.83 cm; fat mass, –2.59 kg; fat-free mass, 0.29 kg; and body fat percentage, –1.38%. Meta-regression of baseline BMI showed no effect on changes.Conclusions:Brisk walking can create a clinically significant reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass for obese men and women aged under 50 years. Obese women aged over 50 years can achieve modest losses, but gains in fat-free mass reduce overall change in body weight. Further research is required for men aged over 50 years and on the influence of BMI for all ages and sexes.

Profile of nutritional status, energy availability, haemoglobin levels and bone density in santriwati (Islamic female student) with chronic energy deficiency risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽  
A Fahmy Arif Tsani ◽  
Umu Faradilla ◽  
Ayu Rahadiyanti
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Fat Percentage

Background: Santriwati (Islamic female student), women of reproductive age, were susceptible to experienced Chronic Energi Deficiency (CED). CED reflects the low energy availability of someone who can risk reducing bone density. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the differences in body mass index, body fat percentage, hemoglobin levels, energy availability, and bone mineral density of female students who experienced CED risk and not experienced CED risk.Materials and Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study, with 101 female students as subjects who were selected by random sampling. The research was conducted from February to March 2019 at the Kyai Galang Sewu Islamic Boarding School, Semarang. CED risk data was taken using the upper arm circumference measurement. Percent body fat and BMI data were taken using BIA. Energy availability data is obtained from the difference between energy intake (energy intake) and energy output (energy expenditure through physical activity) divided by Fat-Free Mass (FFM). Energy intake data was taken using the SQ-FFQ questionnaire, and energy expenditure was calculated using the 24-hour activity record form. Anemia data were collected using strip hemoglobin measurements. Bone density data were taken using the Osteosys Sonost 3000 densitometer. Bivariate analysis used the Independent T-Test.Results: A total of 57.2% of subjects experienced anemia. Subjects who had underweight nutritional status were 20.8%. Santriwati experienced osteopenia as much as 13.9%. There was no difference in bone density and hemoglobin levels between female students who were at risk of CED and not CED risk (p> 0.05), but there were differences in energy availability, body fat percentage, BMI between those at risk of CED and not CED risk (p <0.05)Conclusion: subjects at risk of CED (Lila <23.5 cm) had lower energy availability, body fat, and BMI than subjects who were not at risk of CED.

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