Energy expenditure in children of lean and obese parents

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5) ◽  
pp. E917-E924 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
W. H. Carpenter ◽  
A. McGloin ◽  
R. Johnson ◽  
J. M. Hardin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Children Obesity ◽  
Activity Energy

We evaluated whether children of obese parents have defects in energy expenditure in a study of 73 children (5 +/- 0.9 yr of age) of lean and obese parents. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 14 days by use of doubly labeled water and physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) derived by subtracting resting energy expenditure (REE) under postprandial conditions. Fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured in children and parents with use of bioelectrical resistance. There were no significant correlations between TEE, REE, or AEE in children (after adjustment for FFM) and body fat in children or body fat in mothers or fathers. In three-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, with FFM as a covariate), there were no significant effects of gender in children, obesity in mothers, or obesity in fathers on TEE or AEE in children. There was a significant effect of gender and a significant interaction between obesity in mothers and obesity in fathers on REE; relative to children with two nonobese or two obese parents, REE was approximately 6% lower in children when mothers only or fathers only were obese. In conclusion, our data do not support the hypothesis that children of obese parents have major defects in energy expenditure.

Energy requirements and physical activity in free-living older women and men: a doubly labeled water study

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Starling ◽  
Michael J. Toth ◽  
William H. Carpenter ◽  
Dwight E. Matthews ◽  
Eric T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Energy

Determinants of daily energy needs and physical activity are unknown in free-living elderly. This study examined determinants of daily total energy expenditure (TEE) and free-living physical activity in older women ( n = 51; age = 67 ± 6 yr) and men ( n = 48; age = 70 ± 7 yr) by using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Using multiple-regression analyses, we predicted TEE by using anthropometric, physiological, and physical activity indexes. Data were collected on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak), leisure time activity, and plasma thyroid hormone. Data adjusted for body composition were not different between older women and men, respectively (in kcal/day): TEE, 2,306 ± 647 vs. 2,456 ± 666; RMR, 1,463 ± 244 vs. 1,378 ± 249; and physical activity energy expenditure, 612 ± 570 vs. 832 ± 581. In a subgroup of 70 women and men, RMR andV˙o 2 peakexplained approximately two-thirds of the variance in TEE ( R 2 = 0.62; standard error of the estimate = ±348 kcal/day). Crossvalidation of this equation in the remaining 29 women and men was successful, with no difference between predicted and measured TEE (2,364 ± 398 and 2,406 ± 571 kcal/day, respectively). The strongest predictors of physical activity energy expenditure ( P < 0.05) for women and men were V˙o 2 peak( r = 0.43), fat-free mass ( r = 0.39), and body mass ( r = 0.34). In summary, RMR andV˙o 2 peak are important independent predictors of energy requirements in the elderly. Furthermore, cardiovascular fitness and fat-free mass are moderate predictors of physical activity in free-living elderly.

scholarly journals Descriptive epidemiology of energy expenditure in the UK: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–15

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren Brage ◽  
Tim Lindsay ◽  
Michelle Venables ◽  
Katrien Wijndaele ◽  
Kate Westgate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Activity Energy

Abstract Background Little is known about population levels of energy expenditure, as national surveillance systems typically employ only crude measures. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in the UK measured energy expenditure in a 10% subsample by gold-standard doubly labelled water (DLW). Methods DLW-subsample participants from the NDNS (383 males, 387 females) aged 4–91 years were recruited between 2008 and 2015 (rolling programme). Height and weight were measured and body-fat percentage estimated by deuterium dilution. Results Absolute total energy expenditure (TEE) increased steadily throughout childhood, ranging from 6.2 and 7.2 MJ/day in 4- to 7-year-olds to 9.7 and 11.7 MJ/day for 14- to 16-year-old girls and boys, respectively. TEE peaked in 17- to 27-year-old women (10.7 MJ/day) and 28- to 43-year-old men (14.4 MJ/day), before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical-activity energy expenditure (PAEE) declined steadily with age from childhood (87 kJ/day/kg in 4- to 7-year-olds) through to old age (38 kJ/day/kg in 71- to 91-year-olds). No differences were observed by time, region and macronutrient composition. Body-fat percentage was strongly inversely associated with PAEE throughout life, irrespective of expressing PAEE relative to body mass or fat-free mass. Compared with females with &lt;30% body fat, females with &gt;40% recorded 29 kJ/day/kg body mass and 18 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE in analyses adjusted for age, geographical region and time of assessment. Similarly, compared with males with &lt;25% body fat, males with &gt;35% recorded 26 kJ/day/kg body mass and 10 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE. Conclusions This first nationally representative study reports levels of human-energy expenditure as measured by gold-standard methodology; values may serve as a reference for other population studies. Age, sex and body composition are the main determinants of energy expenditure. Key Messages This is the first nationally representative study of human energy expenditure, covering the UK in the period 2008-2015. Total energy expenditure (MJ/day) increases steadily with age throughout childhood and adolescence, peaks in the 3rd decade of life in women and 4th decade of life in men, before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical activity energy expenditure (kJ/day/kg or kJ/day/kg fat-free mass) declines steadily with age from childhood to old age, more steeply so in males. Body-fat percentage is strongly inversely associated with physical activity energy expenditure. We found little evidence that energy expenditure varied by geographical region, over time, or by dietary macronutrient composition.

Energy Expenditure and Body Fat Distribution in Mohawk Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Michael I. Goran ◽  
Mary Kaskoun ◽  
Rachel Johnson ◽  
Charlene Martinez ◽  
Benson Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass

Objective. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. Results. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds:extremity skinfolds, and the waist:hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. Conclusion. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.

Physical activity energy expenditure and fat-free mass: Relationship with metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese postmenopausal women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Maréchal ◽  
Ahmed Ghachem ◽  
Denis Prud'Homme ◽  
Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret ◽  
Isabelle J. Dionne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Framingham Risk ◽  
Menopause Transition ◽  
Activity Energy

Menopause transition is associated with detrimental changes in physical activity, body composition and metabolic profile. Although physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals at higher risk of CVD, the association is unknown in low-risk individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between PAEE and MetS (prevalence and severity) in inactive overweight or obese postmenopausal women with a low Framingham Risk Score (FRS:< 10%). Cross-sectional data of 126 participants were divided into quartiles based on PAEE (Q1= lowest PAEE) while fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by DXA. MetS prevalence was significantly different between Q1 and Q4 (37.9% vs 13.3%, p= 0.03). After controlling for potential confounders, MetS severity was negatively associated with PAEE (B= -0.057, p< 0.01) and positively with FFM (B= 0.038, p< 0.001). Moderation analyses indicated that a greater FFM exacerbated the association between PAEE and MetS severity in Q1 and Q2 (PAEE*FFM; B= -0.004; p= 0.1). Our results suggest that displaying a low FRS and lower PAEE increase MetS prevalence and severity. In addition, greater FFM interacts with lower PAEE to worsens MetS severity, while higher PAEE lessened this effect. Novelty - Inactive individuals displaying higher daily PAEE also have a lower MetS prevalence - Greater fat-free mass is associated with a worse MetS severity where a higher PAEE mitigates this deleterious effect in our cohort

The Actiheart in Adolescents: A Doubly Labelled Water Validation

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerissa Campbell ◽  
Harry Prapavessis ◽  
Casey Gray ◽  
Erin McGowan ◽  
Elaine Rush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Activity Energy

Background/Objective: This study investigated the validity of the Actiheart device for estimating free-living physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in adolescents. Subjects/Methods: Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured in eighteen Canadian adolescents, aged 15–18 years, by DLW. Physical activity energy expenditure was calculated as 0.9 X TEE minus resting energy expenditure, assuming 10% for the thermic effect of feeding. Participants wore the chest mounted Actiheart device which records simultaneously minute-by-minute acceleration (ACC) and heart rate (HR). Using both children and adult branched equation modeling, derived from laboratory-based activity, PAEE was estimated from the ACC and HR data. Linear regression analyses examined the association between PAEE derived from the Actiheart and DLW method where DLW PAEE served as the dependent variable. Measurement of agreement between the two methods was analyzed using the Bland-Altman procedure. Results: A nonsignificant association was found between the children derived Actiheart and DLW PAEE values (R = .23, R2 = .05, p = .36); whereas a significant association was found between the adult derived Actiheart and DLW PAEE values (R = .53, R2 = .29, p < .05). Both the children and adult equation models lead to overestimations of PAEE by the Actiheart compared with the DLW method, by a mean difference of 31.42 kcal·kg−·d−1 (95% limits of agreement: −45.70 to −17.15 kcal·kg−1·d−1 and 9.80 kcal·kg−1·d−1 (95% limits of agreement: −21.22-1.72 kcal·kg−1·d−1), respectively. Conclusion: There is relatively poor measurement of agreement between the Actiheart and DLW for assessing free-living PAEE in adolescents. Future work should develop group based branched equation models specifically for adolescents to improve the utility of the device in this population.

Assessment of physical activity in older individuals: a doubly labeled water study

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2090-2096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Starling ◽  
Dwight E. Matthews ◽  
Philip A. Ades ◽  
Eric T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Daily Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Activity Energy

We compared the accuracy of two physical activity recall questionnaires and a motion detector in 45- to 84-yr-old women ( n = 35) and men ( n = 32), using doubly labeled water (DLW) in conjunction with indirect calorimetry as the criterion measure. Subjects were administered the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) and Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (LTA). Physical activity energy expenditure was determined over a 10-day period by using a Caltrac uniaxial accelerometer and DLW in conjunction with indirect calorimetry. In older women, Minnesota LTA (386 ± 228 kcal/day) and Caltrac (379 ± 162 kcal/day) underestimated physical activity by ∼55% compared with DLW (873 ± 244 kcal/day). No difference was observed between daily physical activity measured by the YPAS (863 ± 447 kcal/day) and DLW in older women. In older men, Minnesota LTA (459 ± 288 kcal/day) and Caltrac (554 ± 242 kcal/day) underestimated daily physical activity by ∼50–60% compared with DLW (1,211 ± 429 kcal/day). No difference was found between physical activity measured by the YPAS (1,107 ± 612 kcal/day) and DLW in older men. Despite no difference in mean physical activity levels between YPAS and DLW in women and men, Bland and Altman ( Lancet 1: 307–310, 1986) analyses demonstrated poor concordance between DLW and YPAS (i.e., limits of agreement = −1,310–1,518 kcal/day). Our data suggest that the Minnesota LTA recall and Caltrac uniaxial accelerometer may significantly underestimate free-living daily physical activity energy expenditure in older women and men. Although the YPAS compares favorably with DLW on a group basis, its use as a proxy measure of individual daily physical activity energy expenditure may be limited in older women and men.

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