scholarly journals 19 Mature size and other trait differences in cows selected for calving ease and growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Gary L Bennett ◽  
John W Keele ◽  
R Mark Thallman ◽  
Warren M Snelling ◽  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Calving Ease ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Selection For ◽  
And Control ◽  
Calving Difficulty ◽  
Mature Size

Abstract Cows selected for heifer calving ease and yearling weight might also show changes in other important traits. Cattle from select and control lines within 7 populations were selected for reduced heifer calving difficulty EPD (select) or for average birth weight EPD (control) and for identical yearling weight EPD (select and control). Heifers randomly sampled within sire and born in the 4th and 5th of 7 years of selection were retained until 6 years of age with culling for once open and health, but not for other performance. Both lines were bred to the same bulls for calves born during the 3 years post-selection. Select line heifers were 7% lighter (-2.6 ± 0.5 kg, P < 0.01) at birth and not different at weaning (0.2 ± 1.5 kg) or yearling ages (-2.1 ± 2.7 kg). Select cow mature weights estimated by Brody growth curves were 5.2% lighter (-32.9 ± 3.7 kg, P < 0.01) and heights were 2.2% shorter (-3.0 ± 0.7 cm, P < 0.01) than controls. Calf weaning weights were not different. Interactions between 1st calving select (bred to select bulls) and control heifers (bred to control bulls) vs. older cows (all bred to the same bulls) were significant for survival (P < 0.01) and calving assistance (P = 0.03). Select line heifers increased calf survival (86.8% vs. 70.9%) and had decreased calving assistance (16.4% vs. 39.3%), but differences in cows for these traits were negligible. Calves born per select cow exposed exceeded those born per control cow only for 2nd calving (7.1%, P = 0.04), possibly due to reduced calving difficulty as heifers. Selection for calving ease and yearling weight resulted in cows with smaller mature size and similar or better calving ease, calf survival, and calf weaning weight. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

scholarly journals Maternal and Neonatal Complications of Methamphetamine Use during Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Suthanud Premchit ◽  
Nawabhorn Orungrote ◽  
Sinart Prommas ◽  
Buppa Smanchat ◽  
Kornkarn Bhamarapravatana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Methamphetamine Abuse ◽  
Neonatal Complications ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
And Control

Background. Methamphetamine abuse has been a significant problem in Thailand. The methamphetamine abuse problem also affects pregnant women. The study of pregnancy outcomes among methamphetamine users during pregnancy is currently limited. Objective. To determine maternal and neonatal complications among methamphetamine-abusing parturients. Materials and method. This historical cohort study was conducted at Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital (BAH), Bangkok, Thailand, between January 2017 and December 2019. The total number of women was 206 who were equally divided into a study and control group. Pregnant women who tested positive for methamphetamine in urine tests during the intrapartum period were compared to the control group with no history of drug abuse. Results. Maternal outcomes: gestational hypertension was found to be significantly increased in the study group compared to the control group at 14.6 vs. 1.0% (OR 17.4, 95%CI 2.5-134.3). Preeclampsia with and without severe features were found at higher rates in the study group without statistical significance. There were no eclamptic cases in this study. Neonatal outcomes: preterm birth rate of pregnant women who have tested positive in their urine methamphetamine test was significantly higher than in the control group (33.3%, 11.7%, OR 3.7, 95%CI 1.8-7.7). Average birth weight in the study and control group was 2779.1 ± 486.7 and 3049.5 ± 510 gm, respectively (p value < 0.001). Low APGAR score rates of both groups also had no significant difference. Conclusion. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy increased both maternal and neonatal complications in terms of gestational hypertension, preterm birth, and average birth weight.

scholarly journals Genetic changes in beef cow traits following selection for calving ease

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L Bennett ◽  
Richard M Thallman ◽  
Warren M Snelling ◽  
John W Keele ◽  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Calving Ease ◽  
Selection History ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract One approach to reducing calving difficulty is to select heifers with higher breeding value for calving ease. Calving ease is often associated with lower birth weight and that may result in other possible effects on lifetime productivity. Females from experimental select and control calving ease lines within each of the seven populations were compared. Random samples of 720 heifers from lines selected for better calving ease breeding values and 190 heifers from control lines selected for average birth weights were followed through four parities. Select and control lines within the same population were selected to achieve similar yearling weight breeding values. Weights of sampled heifers in select lines were 2.6 kg (P &lt; 0.01) lighter at birth but not different from control lines at weaning. Select lines had significantly shorter hip height, lighter mature weight, and greater calving success at second parity. Their calves were born significantly earlier with lighter weights and less assistance. Significant interactions with parity showed fewer calves assisted and greater calf survival to weaning as heifers but negligible differences with control lines in later parities. Steer progeny sampled from these dams in select lines (n = 204) were not different from steers in control lines (n = 91) for hot carcass weight but had significantly greater fat depth. Two production systems were compared considering the seven populations as replicates. The systems differed in selection history of females (select and control lines) and the use of bulls within their lines as young cows, but used the same bulls in both lines as older cows. Cows were culled after single unsuccessful breeding and kept for up to four parities. Select line cows tended (P ≤ 0.10) to wean more calves and stay in the herd longer. They were assisted significantly fewer times at calving and had greater calf weight gain to weaning when evaluated over their herd life. Mature weights were lighter in select lines, but marketable cow weight from the systems was nearly identical. Control lines did have more marketable young cow weight and select lines older cow weight. Weaned calf weight per heifer starting the system was significantly greater for the select heifer system due to greater survival of calves from heifers and greater calving success at second parity. No important unfavorable effects of genetic differences in calving ease were identified in this experiment.

scholarly journals Differential response from selection for high calving ease vs. low birth weight in American Simmental beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamad M Saad ◽  
Milton G Thomas ◽  
Scott E Speidel ◽  
Richard K Peel ◽  
W Marshall Frasier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Calving Ease ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Maternal Grandsire ◽  
Genetic Trends

Abstract Data on calving ease (CE) and birth, weaning weight (WW), and yearling weight (YW) were obtained from the American Simmental Association (ASA) and included pedigree and performance information on 11,640,735 animals. Our objective was to quantify differential response from selection for high CE vs. low birth weight (LBW) in first-calf Simmental heifers. We hypothesized that direct selection for CE should be used as the primary approach to reduce dystocia and mitigate losses in growth-related traits. WW and YW were adjusted to 205 and 365 d of age, respectively. Sire and maternal grandsire (co)variance components for CE, birth weight (BW), and 205-d weaning weight (205-d WW), and sire covariance components for 160-d postweaning gain (160-d gain) were estimated using a sire-maternal grandsire model. Direct and maternal expected progeny differences (EPD) for CE, BW, and 205-d WW and direct EPD for 160-d gain and 365-d yearling weight (365-d YW) for first-calf Simmental heifers population (465,710 animals) were estimated using a threshold-linear multivariate maternal animal model. This population was used to estimate genetic trends and as a selection pool (control) for various selection scenarios. Selection scenarios were high CE (HCE), LBW, the all-purpose selection index (API = −1.8 BW + 1.3 CE + 0.10 WW + 0.20 YW) of the ASA and its two derived subindices: (API1 = 1.3 CE + 0.20 YW) and (API2 = −1.8 BW + 0.20 YW), and lastly Dickerson’s selection index (DSI = −3.2 BW + YW). Data for each selection scenario were created by selecting sires with EPD greater than or equal to the average along with the top 75% of dams. Comparison between selection scenarios involved evaluating the direct and maternal genetic trends from these scenarios. Direct heritabilities for CE, BW, 205-d WW, 160-d gain, and 365-d YW of Simmental cattle were 0.23, 0.52, 0.28, 0.21, and 0.33, respectively. The single trait, HCE, selection scenario, as opposed to LBW, increased the intercept for CE by 57.7% and the slopes (P &lt; 0.001) for BW, 205-d WW, 160-d gain, and 365-d YW by 27.9%, 37.5%, 16%, and 28%, respectively. Comparisons of various selection scenarios revealed that the CE-based selection scenarios (HCE, API, and API1) had a greater response for CE and growth traits.

scholarly journals The Stomach Capacity is Reduced in Intrauterine Growth Restricted Piglets Compared to Normal Piglets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Julie C. Lynegaard ◽  
Janni Hales ◽  
Marlene N. Nielsen ◽  
Christian F. Hansen ◽  
Charlotte Amdi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Empty Stomach ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Head Morphology ◽  
Stomach Weight

Selection for increased litter sizes have decreased the average birth weight of piglets and up to 30% of newborn piglets in Danish herds show signs of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It has been reported that around 48% of liveborn piglets dying between birth and weaning have empty stomachs, and that IUGR piglets do not ingest the recommended amount of colostrum to survive. The aim of this study was to investigate how much colostrum could be administrated depending on whether they were IUGR compared to normal piglets. Seventy-two piglets within 24 h of farrowing were classified as either IUGR or normal based on their head morphology. Stomach weight, length and capacity were measured along with bodyweight (BW). The results displayed a decreased BW, empty stomach weight and capacity in IUGR piglets, as well as a decreased relative stomach capacity in IUGR compared with normal piglets. In conclusion, birth weight is not the only factor influencing stomach capacity, and IUGR piglets have a smaller stomach capacity compared with normal piglets. It is estimated that IUGR piglets have the capacity to be given a bolus of 25 mL per kg/BW, whereas a normal piglet have a higher capacity (30 mL per kg/BW).

Growth and Development of Children Conceived by In Vitro Fertilization

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-429
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Brandes ◽  
Joseph Itzkovits ◽  
Anat Scher ◽  
Miriam Sarid ◽  
Israel Thaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
General Physical ◽  
And Control

To assess the physical and mental development of infants born after in vitro fertilization (IVF), we performed a general physical and developmental examination (Bayley and Stanford-Binet scales) on a cohort of 116 IVF children, conceived and born at our institution between February 1985 and March 1989, and on 116 non-IVF matched controls. Study and control groups were each composed of 66 singletons, 19 pairs of twins and 4 sets of triplets, whose age at examination ranged from 12 to 45 months. The developmental indices of IVF infants were within the normal range and did not differ from those of their matched controls. The indices were positively correlated to gestational age, birth weight, head circumference at birth and at examination, and mother's education. Mean birth weight, gestational age, and birth weight percentile of IVF infants were lower than the mean of the healthy population. Mean percentiles of weight and length at examination (mean age 22.4 months) were equally low but did not differ from those of the matched controls. However, mean percentiles of head circumference at birth and at examination compare well with the normal mean, both in IVF and control groups. Twins and triplets (IVF and controls) had significantly lower physical and mental indices as compared to singletons.

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