Review article. Apoplastic barriers in roots: chemical composition of endodermal and hypodermal cell walls

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

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Morphoanatomical and histochemical studies of the seed development of Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860202172048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

Author(s):

João Alves Ferreira Pereira ◽

Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho ◽

Emanoella Lima Soares ◽

Arlete Aparecida Soares ◽

Ana Paula de Souza Caetano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Seed Development ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Euterpe Oleracea ◽

Scientific Interest ◽

Vast Array ◽

Future Studies ◽

Seed Biology ◽

Fruit Pericarp

Abstract Although the consumption of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) pulp has long been an important component of the diet of the peoples from the Amazon, the açaí palm tree has recently attracted economic and scientific interest because of its vast array of bioactive compounds found in the fruit pericarp. The açaí seeds are the largest byproduct after pulp extraction and have potential for use in ethanol production, but this process is hindered by limited knowledge of seed biology, chemical composition and pattern reserve deposition during seed development. The aim of this work was to describe the morphoanatomical development of the seeds, as well as to identify the main organic compounds stored in the seeds. To achieve this goal, histological and histochemical analyses were performed on developing seeds. Results showed the seed is albuminous, bitegmic and that ingrowths of the seed coat give rise to a ruminate endosperm. Moreover, the nutritive reserves of açaí seeds are found in the endosperm thickened cell walls as reserve polysaccharides. Our findings provide information for future studies dealing with reproductive biology, propagation and the improvement of this profitable crop.

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Cell wall architecture as well as chemical composition determines fermentation of wheat cell walls by a faecal inoculum

Food Hydrocolloids ◽

10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 107 ◽

pp. 105858

Author(s):

Shiyi Lu ◽

Bernadine M. Flanagan ◽

Barbara A. Williams ◽

Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽

Michael J. Gidley

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Cell Wall Architecture

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Energy and protein values of four forages, including a comparison between tropical and temperate species

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9880729 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 729 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

DE Margan ◽

NM Graham ◽

DJ Minson ◽

TW Searle

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Temperate Species ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Similar Chemical ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Tropical Forages ◽

Carbon Balances ◽

Energy Maintenance

Artificially dried grass of 2 tropical species (Setaria spacelata and Digitaria decurnbens) from which most of the stem had been removed, and a temperate grass (Loliurn perenne) grown under the same subtropical conditions, were compared for energy and protein value. Data for a temperate clover hay (Trifolium resupinatum) that was tested concurrently are included because they provide useful contrasts. Each was evaluated by measuring energy, nitrogen (N) and carbon balances in 4 adult sheep at 2 levels of intake (ad libitum and near energy maintenance) and during fasting. The 3 grasses had similar leaf content (76-83%) and the clover much less (60%). The tropical forages had similar chemical composition but they contained less crude protein (10%) than the ryegrass (L. perenne) (1 5%) and more cell wall constituents (63-66% v. 58%). The clover had the most crude protein (19%) and the least cell walls (38%); it also was highest in carbohydrates, pectin and heat of combustion. Voluntary intakes of the setaria, pangola (D. decumbens) and ryegrass were similar and 20-30% lower than the intake of clover. Digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and energy were similar for the grasses and 8 percentage units lower than for the clover whereas digestibility of crude protein differed between the tropical and temperate species, the latter having digestibilities 12-15 units greater. Digestibility of cell walls did not vary. The metabolisable energy (ME) values of the grasses at maintenance were 8.3-8.5 MJ/kg DM while that of clover was 10.1; at maximum intakes, corresponding ME values were 7.9 and 10.0 MJ/kg DM. Net availability of ME for gain was 0.42 for the tropical grasses and the persian clover and 0.36 for the ryegrass. By contrast, the tropical forages supported higher gains of N relative to N supply than did the temperate forages because urinary N loss was not affected by intake of the tropicals; these differences in N gain were drastically reduced when gain was expressed in relation to ME. These results do not support the contention that forages of tropical species have a lower energy value per kg than temperate forages of similar composition. Indeed, the tropical species tested here appear to have had an ideal balance of energy and protein insofar as efficiency of use of digestible N was close to 100% and their energy values were commensurate with their chemical composition.

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