Cell wall architecture as well as chemical composition determines fermentation of wheat cell walls by a faecal inoculum

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

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Structure and function of wall appositions. 1. General histochemistry of papillae in barley coleoptiles attacked by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b86-102 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 793-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Michael G. Smart ◽

James R. Aist ◽

Herbert W. Israel

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Erysiphe Graminis ◽

Wall Appositions ◽

And Function

Penetration pegs of Erysiphe graminis D.C. f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal are usually not impeded by normal papillae of barley coleoptiles, whereas oversize papillae are impenetrable to appressoria of the pathogen. We investigated the chemical composition of these papillae and the cell walls by classical histochemistry, in part to extend the fragmented knowledge of these structures and in part to find out if there are differences between normal and oversize papillae which would account for their different efficacies in resisting penetration. These papillae were indistinguishable from one another histochemically and contained protein, carbohydrate other than pectin, and a phenolic which was not lignin. We report also a definitive proof of callose in papillae. They do not contain cutin or suberin. The cell wall did not contain callose or cutin–suberin but did contain protein, pectin, and a phenolic (also not lignin). The results imply that different linkages between molecules in oversize papillae, or some other differences not revealed in this study, are responsible for their ability to prevent fungal penetration.

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THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL AND CELL WALL OF SOME HALOPHILIC BACTERIA

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m55-073 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 605-613 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

W. R. Smithies ◽

N. E. Gibbons ◽

S. T. Bayley

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Halophilic Bacteria ◽

Detectable Amount ◽

High Nitrogen Content ◽

Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽

High Nitrogen ◽

Electron Dense Material

Cells of the halophilic bacteria Micrococcus halodenitrificans, Vibrio costicolus, and Pseudomonas salinaria have a relatively high nitrogen content, indicating that the cell material is predominantly protein. They contain only small amounts of fat and no detectable amount of carbohydrate other than nucleic acid pentose. Cell walls are lipoprotein. Cells disrupted by shaking with water alone contained electron-dense material similar in composition to the cell walls. In a few preparations of the Micrococcus a polymer of β-hydroxybutyric acid was found.

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A label-free, fast and high-specificity technique for plant cell wall imaging and composition analysis

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-021-00730-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huimin Xu ◽

Yuanyuan Zhao ◽

Yuanzhen Suo ◽

Yayu Guo ◽

Yi Man ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Raman Scattering ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Plant Cell Walls ◽

Label Free ◽

Wall Imaging

Abstract Background New cell wall imaging tools permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which will aid efforts to use these polymers in multiple applications; however, detailed imaging and quantification of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging. Results Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy, including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which can be used to visualize the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. We outline the major steps of the procedure, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls. Conclusions This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

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Wood shrinkage: influence of anatomy, cell wall architecture, chemical composition and cambial age

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products ◽

10.1007/s00107-009-0355-8 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 87-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mathilde Leonardon ◽

Clemens M. Altaner ◽

Leena Vihermaa ◽

Michael C. Jarvis

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cambial Age ◽

Cell Wall Architecture

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LIGNIFICATION AND IN VITRO CELL WALL DIGESTIBILITY OF PLANT PARTS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps69-082 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 499-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

D. N. Mowat ◽

M. L. Kwain ◽

J. E. Winch

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Cell Wall Digestibility ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Two Samples ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

The in vitro cell wall digestibility and chemical composition were determined with a total of 56 forage samples. Two samples each of Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss., Medicago sativa L., and Lotus corniculatus L. were collected at three maturities. Two samples of Symphtum officinale L. were collected at two maturities. All samples were later separated into leaf and stem portions. Wide variation existed in chemical composition and digestibility. The range in cell wall constituents was 23.9 to 79.8%, in acid detergent fiber 16.9 to 52.3%, and in lignin 3.7 to 19.1%. The in vitro cell wall digestibility varied from 16.6 to 77.5%. Correlation coefficients between lignin content and cell wall digestibility were higher when lignin was expressed as a percentage of dry matter rather than as a percentage of cell walls. In grasses, the relationship between lignin in cell walls and cell wall digestibility was linear. However, cell wall digestibility of legumes and Russian comfrey was not as low as expected from the content of lignin.

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Fluorescence lifetime imaging as an in situ and label-free readout for the chemical composition of lignin

10.1101/2021.08.26.457748 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sacha Escamez ◽

Christine Terryn ◽

Madhavi Latha Gandla ◽

Zakiya Yassin ◽

Gerhard Scheepers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Fluorescence Lifetime ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Wood Cell Wall ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging ◽

Structural Element ◽

Lifetime Imaging

Important structures and functions within living organisms rely on naturally fluorescent polymeric molecules such as collagen, keratin, elastin, resilin, or lignin. Theoretical physics predict that fluorescence lifetime of these polymers is related to their chemical composition. We verified this prediction for lignin, a major structural element in plant cell walls and one of the most abundant components of wood. Lignin is composed of different types of phenylpropanoid units, and its composition affects its properties, biological functions, and the utilization of wood biomass. We carried out fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurements of wood cell wall lignin in a population of 90 hybrid aspen trees genetically engineered to display differences in cell wall chemistry and structure. We also measured wood cell wall composition by classical analytical methods in the wood cell walls of these trees. Using statistical modelling and machine learning algorithms, we identified parameters of fluorescence lifetime that predict the content of S-type and G-type lignin units, the two main types of units in the lignin of angiosperm plants. Finally, we show how quantitative measurements of lignin chemical composition by FLIM can reveal the dynamics of lignin biosynthesis in two different biological contexts, including in vivo while lignin is being synthesized in the walls of living cells.

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A grass-specific cellulose–xylan interaction dominates in sorghum secondary cell walls

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-19837-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yu Gao ◽

Andrew S. Lipton ◽

Yuuki Wittmer ◽

Dylan T. Murray ◽

Jenny C. Mortimer

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Magic Angle Spinning ◽

Crystalline Cellulose ◽

Magic Angle ◽

Amorphous Cellulose ◽

Secondary Cell Walls ◽

Promising Source ◽

Cell Wall Architecture

AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a promising source of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, as well as for forage. Understanding secondary cell wall architecture is key to understanding recalcitrance i.e. identifying features which prevent the efficient conversion of complex biomass to simple carbon units. Here, we use multi-dimensional magic angle spinning solid-state NMR to characterize the sorghum secondary cell wall. We show that xylan is mainly in a three-fold screw conformation due to dense arabinosyl substitutions, with close proximity to cellulose. We also show that sorghum secondary cell walls present a high ratio of amorphous to crystalline cellulose as compared to dicots. We propose a model of sorghum cell wall architecture which is dominated by interactions between three-fold screw xylan and amorphous cellulose. This work will aid the design of low-recalcitrance biomass crops, a requirement for a sustainable bioeconomy.

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Defects in Cell Wall Differentiation of the Arabidopsis Mutant rol1-2 Is Dependent on Cyclin-Dependent Kinase CDK8

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10030685 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 685

Author(s):

Isabel Schumacher ◽

Tohnyui Ndinyanka Fabrice ◽

Marie-Therese Abdou ◽

Benjamin M. Kuhn ◽

Aline Voxeur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Growth ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Developmental Defect ◽

Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽

Growth Defects ◽

Arabidopsis Mutant ◽

Cell Wall Architecture

Plant cells are encapsulated by cell walls whose properties largely determine cell growth. We have previously identified the rol1-2 mutant, which shows defects in seedling root and shoot development. rol1-2 is affected in the Rhamnose synthase 1 (RHM1) and shows alterations in the structures of Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) and RG II, two rhamnose-containing pectins. The data presented here shows that root tissue of the rol1-2 mutant fails to properly differentiate the cell wall in cell corners and accumulates excessive amounts of callose, both of which likely alter the physical properties of cells. A surr (suppressor of the rol1-2 root developmental defect) mutant was identified that alleviates the cell growth defects in rol1-2. The cell wall differentiation defect is re-established in the rol1-2 surr mutant and callose accumulation is reduced compared to rol1-2. The surr mutation is an allele of the cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), which encodes a component of the mediator complex that influences processes central to plant growth and development. Together, the identification of the surr mutant suggests that changes in cell wall composition and turnover in the rol1-2 mutant have a significant impact on cell growth and reveals a function of CDK8 in cell wall architecture and composition.

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THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS GYMNOGAMA AND THE CONCEPT OF A PLANT CELL WALL PROTEIN

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.63.2.420 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 420-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

David H. Miller ◽

Ira Seth Mellman ◽

Derek T. A. Lamport ◽

Maureen Miller

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Cell Wall Protein ◽

Ultrastructural Examination ◽

Widespread Occurrence ◽

Glycoprotein Complex ◽

Sexual Mating

Cell walls of Chlamydomonas gymnogama, shed during sexual mating, were collected and analyzed. Ultrastructural examination indicates that the walls are free of cytoplasmic contamination and that they exhibit a regular lamellate structure. The walls are composed of glycoprotein rich in hydroxyproline. The hydroxyproline is linked glycosidically to a mixture of heterooligosaccharides composed of arabinose and galactose. Altogether, the glycoprotein complex accounts for at least 32% of the wall. The amino acid composition of the walls is extraordinarily similar in widely different plant species. The implications of these similarities as well as the widespread occurrence of these glycoproteins are discussed.

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