To Flower and Fructify: Rational Religion and the Seeds of Islam in Nazir Ahmad’s (1830–1912) Late-career Religious Non-fiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-69
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lhost
Keyword(s):  
Original Compositions ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Educational Initiatives ◽  
The Law

Abstract Known primarily for his popular and moralizing novels, Nazir Ahmad’s (1830–1912) accomplishments as a scholar of Islam are often omitted from his biography. Yet in addition to working for the British Government of India, participating in Muslim social, political, and educational initiatives on the subcontinent, and demonstrating his linguistic and legal acumen by translating the law codes of British India into vernacular Urdu, Nazir Ahmad also translated religious texts and penned his own original compositions on themes of religion, society, and ethics. Reviewing the ideas presented in his comprehensive three-volume al-Ḥuqūq va-l-farāʾiż (1905–6) and his shorter catechism Ijtihād (1906), this article outlines Nazir Ahmad’s theory of worldly religion and introduces his concept of Islamic humanism in response to ulema-centric approaches to Islamic revival and reform in British India.

SEJARAH KONFLIK KEBANGKITAN ISLAM DI MINANGKABAU: Sebuah Tinjauan Awal Terhadap Proses Kemunculannya

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Ihsan Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Correct Understanding

This article in principle wants to examine the history of the emergence of the conflict of Islamic revival in Minangkabau starting from the Paderi Movement to the Youth in Minangkabau. Especially in the initial period, namely the Padri movement, there was a tragedy of violence (radicalism) that accompanied it. This study becomes important, because after all the reformation of Islam began to be realized by reforming human life in the world. Both in terms of thought with the effort to restore the correct understanding of religion as it should, from the side of the practice of religion, namely by reforming deviant practices and adapted to the instructions of the religious texts (al-Qur'an and sunnah), and also from the side of strengthening power religion. In this case the research will be directed to the efforts of renewal by the Padri to the Youth towards the Islamic community in Minangkabau. To discuss this problem used historical research methods. Through this method, it is tested and analyzed critically the records and relics of the past. In analyzing the data in this research basically used approach or interactive analysis model by Miles and Huberman. In this analysis model, the three components of the analysis are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing or verification, the activity is carried out in an interactive form with the process of collecting data as a process that continues, repeats, and continues to form acycle.

Expedition turned Invasion: The 1888 Sikkim Expedition through British, Indian and Chinese eyes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
YI MENG CHENG
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
British Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Subject ◽  
British Foreign Office ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract A fresh look at the 1888 Sikkim Expedition using both Chinese and English language sources yields very different conclusions from that of previous research on the subject. During the course of policymaking, the British Foreign Office and the British Government of India did not collaborate to devise a plan to invade Tibet; conversely, their aims differed and clashed frequently. During the years leading to war, the largest newspapers in British India gave plenty of coverage to the benefits of trade with Tibet, thus influencing British foreign policy and contributing indirectly to the outbreak of war. The Tibetan army was soundly defeated in the war, while the British troops suffered only light casualties. Although the Tibetan elites remained committed to the war, the lower classes of Tibetan society quickly grew weary of it. During the war, the British made much use of local spies and enjoyed an advantage in intelligence gathering, which contributed greatly to their victory. Finally, although the war was initially fought over trade issues, the demarcation of the Tibetan-Sikkim border replaced trade issues as the main point of contention during the subsequent peace negotiations. During the negotiations, Sheng Tai, the newly appointed Amban of Tibet, tried his best to defend China's interests.

Utilitarianism and the Criminal Law in Colonial India: A Study of the Practical Limits of Utilitarian Jurisprudence

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Kalyan Raman
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
British India ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The One

The role of legal tradition in the reformist rhetoric of Benthamite Utilitarianism presents us with a contradiction. On the one hand, there is the common observation that Utilitarian jurisprudence was necessarily ahistorical and rejected the past as a source of concepts for reworking the criminal justice system existing in Britain during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For philosophic reformers such as Bentham, contemporary British criminal justice was to be replaced by a scientific jurisprudence, abstract, universal, and secular in outlook, and antipathetic to the more conservative insistence that the foundations of the penal law continue to be tradition-based. ‘If society was to see any improvement, its law must be reformed; if its law was to be reformed it must be burned to the ground and rebuilt according to a new and rational pattern.’ On the other hand, we find that the very same Utilitarian thinkers, in works describing the state of the law in British India, were concerned with local rather than universal conceptions of criminality. In his 1782 Essay on the Influence of Time and Place in Matters of Legislation, Bentham, for instance, urged the philosophic reformer to temper change in India by fitting Utilitarian judgments about the law to the frames of local society.

Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900

1983 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Gowher Rizvi ◽  
Barbara Daly Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
British India ◽  
Islamic Revival

scholarly journals Clearing of the Ground - Ambedkar's Method of Reading

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-188
Author(s):  
Ankit Kawade
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
The Law ◽  
Methodological Concern

This essay attempts to study and explicate the method of reading as operative in Ambedkar’s writings. The essay is organized around five thematic sections, each aimed at discussing a methodological concern guiding Ambedkar’s investigations. His engagements with the religious texts of Hinduism in general and the Manusmriti (The Laws of Manu or The Law Code of Manu) in particular have been used here to explicate the substance and implications of what has been described by Aishwary Kumar as Ambedkar’s ‘politics of reading’, a highly suggestive phrase that points towards the political as well as epistemic stakes of Ambedkar’s acts of reading.

Educational Technology Initiatives for Preventing Cyberbullying

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-93
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Cyber Bullying ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Educational Initiatives ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Law ◽  
Technology Initiatives

In order to prove that a defendant is negligent, a plaintiff must prove the elements of negligence, which are duty, breach, causation, and damages. This relationship between duty and negligence was at the essence of a famous U.K. court case (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). Since Donoghue, the whole world has become a neighbour online. Since Donoghue, the “neighbour” principle is extended to anywhere, any time. Today, everyone takes anywhere, any time for granted; the law has yet to catch up. This chapter describes recent attempts at preventing cyber-bullying through legislation and educational initiatives. There are many educational initiatives already in place about cyberbullying awareness and prevention: some federal, some provincial.

An Uncertain Inheritance: The Imperial Travels of Legal Migrants, from British India to Ottoman Iraq

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Princely State ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes ◽  
The Doors

Like many nineteenth-century travelers, Iqbal al-Daulah, a cousin of the Nawab of the Indian princely state of Awadh, navigated multiple legal systems as he migrated across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Living through the absorption of Awadh into the expanding British Empire, he eventually joined a community of Indian Shias in Ottoman Iraq, who regularly used British consular courts. While still in India, Iqbal al-Daulah composed a tribute in Persian and English to British justice. He described British courts in the following laudatory terms: “What Ease is afforded to Petitioners! The Doors of the numerous Courts being open, if any by reason of his dark fate, should be disappointed in the attainment of his desire, in one Court, in another he may obtain the Victory and Succeed.” Iqbal al-Daulah secured a sizeable pension and knighthood from the British government. However, at the end of his life, he had lost faith in British courts. In his will he lamented: “British courts are uncertain, stock in trade of bribery, wrong, delay…the seekers of redress, are captives of the paw of the Court officials; and business goes on by bribery not to be counted or described.” Despite Iqbal al-Daulah's words of caution, his friends and relatives became enmeshed in legal battles over his inheritance in British courts in India and Ottoman Iraq. In doing so, they joined the crowds of colonial subjects who flooded the courts, enduring expense and annoyance despite the prospect of uncertain outcomes.

A Strange Rule of Smṛti, and a Suggested Solution

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
J. Duncan M. Derrett
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
British India ◽  
Indian Science ◽  
The Law ◽  
Personal Law ◽  
New System ◽  
Made In ◽  
Academic Study

Since the period between May, 1955, and December, 1956, when the Hindus of India lost their system of “personal law”, and the latter was replaced by a new system comprised in the so-called “Hindu Code”, the Sanskrit books which contain the accumulated learning of the dharmaśāstra, or so much of the ancient Indian “science of religious-and-civil law” as survives the ravages of time and the neglect of private owners of manuscripts, have ceased to be the fundamental source of Hindu law, and it is only in marginal contexts that for practical purposes reference to them will ever again be made in that country. Yet the relegation of their ancient learning to practical uselessness may be expected to have a beneficial effect on the study of the dharmaśāstra itself, and that literature, which has been widely neglected in all continents, may once again receive the volume of attention which it could command about eighty years ago. About that time it was still very doubtful what the śāstra had to say on topics of practical importance, and Bühler and Jolly, for example, could be sure that their researches, despite their predilection for the ancient and the “original”, would be of use in the Courts in addition to providing material for academic exercises. By the end of the first decade of this century it was evident that at least as far as British India was concerned the law was about to develop along lines which were to a certain extent incompatible with the śāstra, and the relation of academic study to practical advocacy became intolerably delicate.

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