scholarly journals Detection of Genetic Variability in Borrelia miyamotoi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) Between and Within the Eastern and Western United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrias Hojgaard ◽  
Lynn M Osikowicz ◽  
Sarah Maes ◽  
Lars Eisen ◽  
Rebecca J Eisen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Borrelia Miyamotoi ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Borrelia miyamotoi is a hard tick-associated relapsing fever spirochete that is geographically widespread in Ixodes spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks, but typically occurs at low prevalence. Genetic variability has been described among strains derived from Asia, Europe, and North America, and among tick species that carry the infection, but little variability has been described within foci or tick species. Capitalizing on access to B. miyamotoi nucleic acid extracted from host-seeking Ixodes scapularis Say or Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls from 16 states, we explored genetic variability based on sequence analysis of four amplicons described herein. Consistent with previous studies, we detected significant genetic differences between strains derived from I. scapularis (eastern United States) and I. pacificus (western United States) and identified two distinct sequences in the western United States (Am-West-1 and Am-West-2). Unique to this study, we identified two distinct sequences in the eastern United States (Am-East-1 and Am-East-2). Based on the 161 samples we analyzed, Am-East-1 was the only type represented in 50 B. miyamotoi-infected ticks collected from the Northeast (Vermont, Maine, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island), whereas ticks collected from the North-Central and Mid-Atlantic states harbored B. miyamotoi comprised of both Am-East-1 and Am-East-2. Further studies are needed to better characterize the phylogeography of B. miyamotoi and to discern if there are biologically meaningful differences among sequence types. To facilitate further exploration, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay designed to differentiate Am-East-1, Am-East-2, and Am-West sequence types without having to sequence the amplicon.

scholarly journals Exploring Diversity and Origins of Streptomycin-Resistant Erwinia amylovora Isolates in New York Through CRISPR Spacer Arrays

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1307-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Tancos ◽  
K. D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
The United States ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Short Palindromic Repeat

Streptomycin is the most effective and widely used chemical control in the eastern United States for blossom blight of apple caused by Erwinia amylovora; however, resistance to this antibiotic has been a concern in New York since 2002. From 2011 to 2014, statewide collections of E. amylovora were conducted resulting in the isolation of streptomycin-resistant (SmR) E. amylovora from several commercial orchards. Further genetic analysis of isolates was necessary to understand the origins and the diversity of these bacteria. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) spacer sequencing was employed to explore the diversity and possible origins of New York SmR E. amylovora isolates. The spacer array CR1, CR2, and CR3 regions of 27 SmR E. amylovora isolates and 76 streptomycin-sensitive (SmS) E. amylovora isolates were amplified and subsequently sequenced, revealing 19 distinct CRISPR spacer profiles for New York isolates. The majority of SmR E. amylovora isolates had the same CRISPR profile as SmR E. amylovora isolates discovered in 2002. This may infer that eradication efforts in 2002 failed and the bacterial populations continued to spread throughout the state. Several CRISPR profiles for SmR E. amylovora were identical to SmS E. amylovora collected from the same orchards, leading to the hypothesis that resistance may be developing within New York. Profiles not unique to New York were identical to many isolates from the Midwestern, eastern, and western United States, implying that streptomycin resistance may be due to the introduction of SmR E. amylovora from other regions of the United States. The increased understanding as to how SmR E. amylovora isolates are introduced, evolve, or have become established afforded by CRISPR profiling has been useful for disease management and restricting the movement of streptomycin resistance in New York.

The Age of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Northeastern United States

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Hart ◽  
C. Margaret Scarry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Radiocarbon Date ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Susquehanna River ◽  
Ams Dates

AbstractA radiocarbon date of A.D. 1070 ± 60 was linked to the remains of maize (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and squash (Cucñrbita pepo) at the Roundtop site in the Susquehanna River valley of New York by William Ritchie in 1969 and 1973 publications. This date established the presence of beans in the Northeast at an earlier time than in most other areas of the eastern United States, where they are generally rare before A.D. 1300. Subsequently beans have been reported in pre-A.D.1300 contexts from at least eight other sites in the Northeast. Recent calibrated AMS dates on beans from Roundtop are no earlier than A.D. 1300 (Hart 1999a). Given that the original Roundtop date was responsible for the acceptance of early beans in the Northeast, the AMS dates suggested that beans may not become archaeologically visible there until ca. A.D. 1300. AMS dates on beans from four other sites, reported here, substantiate the Roundtop results. Beans and by extension maize-beans-squash intercropping are not evident in the Northeast before ca. A.D. 1300.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Biological Control of Fire Blight in the Eastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Sundin ◽  
Nicole A. Werner ◽  
Keith S. Yoder ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Bacterial Antagonists ◽  
Bacterial Endospores ◽  
Control Options

The bacterial antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens A506, Pantoea agglomerans C9-1, and Pantoea agglomerans E325 and preparations of Bacillus subtilis QST 713 containing bacterial endospores and lipopeptide metabolites were evaluated for efficacy in controlling fire blight in Michigan, New York, and Virginia. When examined individually, the biological control materials were not consistently effective in reducing blossom infection. The average reduction in blossom infection observed in experiments conducted between 2001 and 2007 was variable and ranged from 9.1 to 36.1%, while control with streptomycin was consistent and ranged from 59.0 to 67.3%. Incidence of blossom colonization by the bacterial antagonists was inconsistent, and <60% of stigmata had the antagonists present in 12 of 25 experiments. Consistent control of blossom infection was observed when the biological control materials were integrated into programs with streptomycin, resulting in a reduction of the number of streptomycin applications needed to yield similar levels of control. Our results indicate that the prospects for biological control of fire blight in the eastern United States are currently not high due to the variability in efficacy of existing biological control options.

First Hemispheric Report of Invasive Tick Species Haemaphysalis Punctata Canestrini Et Fanzago, 1878, First State Report of Haemaphysalis Longicornis Neumann, and Range Expansion of Native Tick Species in Rhode Island, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Tufts ◽  
Maria A Diuk-Wasser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Block Island

Abstract Invasive arthropod vectors and the range expansions of native vectors can lead to public and veterinary health concerns, as these vectors may introduce novel pathogens or spread endemic pathogens to new locations. Recent tick invasions and range expansion in the United States has been attributed to climate and land use change, an increase in global travel, and importations of exotic animals. A 10 year surveillance study was conducted on Block Island, Rhode Island from 2010–2020 including sampling ticks from small mammal and avian hosts. We report the discovery and establishment of the red sheep tick for the first time in the western hemisphere and in the United States. This invasive species was first collected in 2010 on Block Island, was collected continuously throughout the study, and was collected from an avian host. We document the first report of the invasive Asian longhorned tick in the state of Rhode Island, first observed at our sites in 2018. Finally, we present data on the range expansion and establishment of two native tick species, the lone star tick and the rabbit tick on Block Island. This study emphasized the importance of long-term surveillance to detect changes in tick host communities, including invasive and expanding native vectors of potential significance to humans and wildlife.

Colonial and Revolutionary United States

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
American Population ◽  
American Institution ◽  
African American Population ◽  
Low Country

This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in colonial and revolutionary United States. Slavery was a southern American institution associated primarily with cotton and a divinely ordained labour force of blacks. Southerners in the Chesapeake might realize that slaves once produced tobacco, and in low-country South Carolina and Georgia that they once grew rice, and in southern Louisiana that they once raised sugar cane, but most people, when they thought about slavery at all, thought about the growing of cotton and reckoned that an African workforce required no explanation. Few knew that at one time slavery lived in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that it had been vibrant in New York and Pennsylvania, and that slaves still worked in New Jersey in 1860. Even in the South, where the presence of a significant African-American population made the heritage of slavery undeniable and people generally recognized the meaning of that fact, most understood neither slavery's age nor its origins.

Xiphinema rivesi. [Distribution map].

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso. Enoplea: Dorylaimida: Longidoridae. Hosts: polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Egypt), Asia (Iran, Pakistan), Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Canary Islands), North America (Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Guadeloupe, United States, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia), Oceania (Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Samoa, Tonga), South America (Argentina, Chile, Peru).

A comparison of earthquake damage areas as a function of magnitude across the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1064-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bollinger ◽  
M. C. Chapman ◽  
M. S. Sibol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the size of damage areas in the eastern and western United States. To quantify damage area as a function of moment magnitude (M), 149 MMI VI and VII areas for 109 earthquakes (88 in the western United States, 21 in the eastern United States and Canada) were measured. Regression of isoseismal areas versus M indicated that areas in the East were larger than those in the West, at both intensity levels, by an average 5 × in the M 4.5 to 7.5 range. In terms of radii for circles of equivalent area, these results indicate that damaging ground motion from shocks of the same magnitude extend 2 × the epicentral distance in eastern North America compared to the West. To determine source and site parameters consistent with the above results, response spectral levels for eastern North America were stochastically simulated and compared with response spectral ordinates derived from recorded strong ground motion data in the western United States. Stress-drop values of 200 bars, combined with a surficial 2-km-thick low velocity “sedimentary” layer over rock basement, produced results that are compatible with the intensity observations, i.e., similar response spectral levels in the east at approximately twice their epicentral distance in the western U.S. distance. These results suggest that ground motion modeling in eastern North America may need to incorporate source and site parameters different from those presently in general use. The results are also of importance to eastern U.S. hazard assessments as they require allowance for the larger damage areas in preparedness and mitigation programs.

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