scholarly journals Chronotopic Cartography: Mapping Literary Time-Space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Bushell ◽  
James Butler ◽  
Duncan Hay ◽  
Rebecca Hutcheon ◽  
Alex Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Topological Graphs ◽  
Place And Space ◽  
The Road ◽  
Digital Mapping ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Spatial Schema ◽  
Graph Generation

Abstract This short methods paper emerges out of the AHRC-funded ‘Chronotopic Cartographies’ project for the digital mapping of place and space as represented in works of literature. The primary aim of that project was to find a way of mapping and visualizing represented literary worlds for which there is no corresponding real ‘ground’. A solution was found in the form of topological graphs which allow for relative rather than absolute mapping (but also permit a relative imaginary map to be lain on top of a pre-existing cartesian form). Using a spatial schema to chunk out the text in terms of chronotopic (time-space) zones enables the generation of a series of visualizations that show different kinds of spatio-temporal constructions in texts. The visualizations are centred upon nodes that consist of chronotopes (e.g. ‘the road’) as well as locations (e.g. ‘road to Geneva’); connections between them of different kinds and toporefs within them (references to other places from this one). The paper will articulate core methods from the project, outlining the stages involved in the process, from marking up the text, using a custom-made schema, through graph generation and into the implications for analysis. This will be illustrated in relation to two Victorian texts: the realist space of Dickens’s Oliver Twist; and the abstract poetic space of Browning’s ‘Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came’.

scholarly journals Extracting Stops from Spatio-Temporal Trajectories within Dynamic Contextual Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Tao Wu ◽  
Huiqing Shen ◽  
Jianxin Qin ◽  
Longgang Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Moving Objects ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Gps Trajectories ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Identifying stops from GPS trajectories is one of the main concerns in the study of moving objects and has a major effect on a wide variety of location-based services and applications. Although the spatial and non-spatial characteristics of trajectories have been widely investigated for the identification of stops, few studies have concentrated on the impacts of the contextual features, which are also connected to the road network and nearby Points of Interest (POIs). In order to obtain more precise stop information from moving objects, this paper proposes and implements a novel approach that represents a spatio-temproal dynamics relationship between stopping behaviors and geospatial elements to detect stops. The relationship between the candidate stops based on the standard time–distance threshold approach and the surrounding environmental elements are integrated in a complex way (the mobility context cube) to extract stop features and precisely derive stops using the classifier classification. The methodology presented is designed to reduce the error rate of detection of stops in the work of trajectory data mining. It turns out that 26 features can contribute to recognizing stop behaviors from trajectory data. Additionally, experiments on a real-world trajectory dataset further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving the accuracy of identifying stops from trajectories.

scholarly journals New methods for retrieval of chlorophyll red fluorescence from hyper-spectral satellite instruments: simulations and application to GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joiner ◽  
Y. Yoshida ◽  
L. Guanter ◽  
E. M. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Emission Feature ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Hyper Spectral ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Satellite Instruments

Abstract. Global satellite measurements of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) from chlorophyll over land and ocean have proven useful for a number of different applications related to physiology, phenology, and productivity of plants and phytoplankton. Terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence is emitted throughout the red and far-red spectrum, producing two broad peaks near 683 and 736 nm. From ocean surfaces, phytoplankton fluorescence emissions are entirely from the red region. Studies using satellite-derived SIF over land have focused almost exclusively on measurements in the far- red, since those are the most easily obtained with existing instrumentation. Here, we examine new ways to use existing hyper-spectral satellite data sets to retrieve red SIF over both land and ocean. Our approach offers noise reductions as compared with previously published solar line filling retrievals by making use of the oxygen (O2) γ-band that is not affected by SIF. The O2 γ-band in conjunction with solar Fraunhofer lines help to anchor the O2 B-band that provides additional information on red SIF. Biases due to instrumental artifacts that vary in time, space, and with instrument, must be addressed in order to obtain reasonable results. The satellite instruments that we use were designed to make atmospheric trace- gas measurements and are therefore not optimal for observing SIF; they have coarse spatial resolution and only moderate spectral resolution (∼0.5 nm). Nevertheless, these instruments offer a unique opportunity to compare red and far-red terrestrial SIF at regional spatial scales. Our eight year record of red SIF observations over land with the Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument 2 (GOME-2) allows for the first time reliable global mapping of monthly anomalies. These anomalies are shown to have similar spatio-temporal structure as those in the far-red, particularly for drought-prone regions. There is a somewhat larger percentage response in the red as compared with the far-red for these areas that are sensitive to soil moisture, although the differences are within the specified uncertainties that are dominated by systematic errors. We also demonstrate that high quality ocean fluorescence line height retrievals can be achieved with GOME-2 and similar instruments by utilizing the full complement of radiance measurements that span the red SIF emission feature.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL DATA MODEL BASED ON BEHAVIOR-EVENT

2020 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W10 ◽  
pp. 591-594
Author(s):  
J. W. Li ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
J. W. Jiang ◽  
W. D. Chen ◽  
N. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Temporal Objects ◽  
Organic Combination

Abstract. Starting from the object-oriented idea, this paper analyses the existing event-based models and the logical relationship between behavioral cognition and events, and discusses the continuity of behavioral cognition on the time axis from the perspective of temporal and spatial cognition. A geospatial data model based on behavioral-event is proposed. The physical structure and logical structure of the model are mainly designed, and the four-dimensional model of “time, space, attribute and event” is constructed on the axis. The organic combination of the four models can well describe the internal mechanism and rules of geographical objects. The expression of data model based on behavior-event not only elaborates the basic information of geospatial objects, but also records the changes of related events caused by the changes of geographic Entities' behavior, and expresses the relationship between spatial and temporal objects before and after the changes of behavior cognition. This paper also designs an effective method to organize spatio-temporal data, so as to realize the effective management and analysis of spatio-temporal data and meet the requirements of storage, processing and mining of large spatio-temporal data.

scholarly journals Análise da Variação Espaço-Temporal das Áreas Verdes e da Qualidade Ambiental em Áreas Urbanas, Recife-PE (Analysis of the Time-Space Variation of Green Areas and the Environmental Quality in Urban Areas, Recife-PE)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1196
Author(s):  
Tiago Henrique de Oliveira ◽  
José Gleidson Dantas ◽  
Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio ◽  
Rejane Magalhães de Mendonça Pimentel ◽  
Milton Botler
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal

As rápidas mudanças do uso e cobertura do solo em ambiente urbano apresentam grande impacto nas relações entre os ciclos energéticos e hidrológicos sobre a superfície. O município do Recife, através da Lei de Uso e Ocupação do Solo de 1996 (Lei nº 16.176/96) define área verde como “toda área de domínio público ou privado, em solo natural,onde predomina qualquer forma de vegetação, distribuída em seus diferentes estratos: Arbóreo, Arbustivo e Herbáceo /Forrageira, nativa ou exótica”. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a variação espacial das áreas verdes disponíveis no município do Recife e a evolução espaço-temporal da qualidade ambiental na RPA 4 através do computo do Índice de umidade (NDWI), Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) e Temperatura da superfície em imagens TM Landsat. Foi realizada uma classificação supervisionada na ortofotocarta Recife onde as áreas verdes foram exportadas para polígonos, permitindo a sua quantificação. Para as imagens TM foi aplicada parte da metodologia SEBAL. As áreas verdes ocupam 45,58% do Recife. Os transectos lineares e perfis permitiram visualizar mais facilmente as mudanças espaço-temporais ocorridos na RPA-4. Foi visualizada grande diferença de temperatura entre as áreas vegetadas e as áreas mais urbanizadas. Palavras-chave: Uso e ocupação do solo; área urbana, áreas vegetadas, sensoriamento remoto; MAXVER. A B S T R A C T The rapid change of use and land cover in urban environment poses great impact on relations between energy and hydrological cycles on the surface. The municipality of Recife, through the Land Use Legislation from 1996 (Law No. 16.176/96) defines green area as ";;;;;;any public or private domain area, in natural soil, where overcrows any form of vegetation, distributed in its different layers: Arboreal, shrubby and Herbaceous Forage, native or exotic";;;;;;. The goal of this paper is to analyze the spatial variation of available green areas in the city of Recife and the spatio-temporal evolution of environmental quality in the Political Administrative Region 4, known as RPA-4, through the calculation of moisture content (NDWI), leaf area index (LAI) and the surface temperature from Landsat TM images. Supervised classification was performed on orthophoto Reef where the green areas were exported to polygons, allowing its quantification. For the TM images, it has been applied the methodology SEBAL. The green areas occupy 45.58% of Recife. The linear transects and profiles allowed to show more easily space-time changes occurring in the RPA-4. Large temperature differences have been displayed between the most vegetated areas and more urbanized areas. Key-words: Land use; urban areas; vegetated area, remote sensing; MAXVER.

scholarly journals Do Functionally Fit Elderly Community-Dwelling Subjects Have Enough Time to Safely Cross the Road?

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darija Rugelj ◽  
Marija Tomšič ◽  
France Sevšek
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Dual Task Condition ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
The Road ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Task Conditions

Elderly people are the most vulnerable group in urban traffic and a large proportion of them are as pedestrians victims of traffic accidents. The majority of these happen while crossing the road. Crossing a busy road at an intersection with traffic lights or without them is a typical dual task condition requiring a motor task i.e. walking and a cognitive task such as monitoring traffic. The purpose of present study was to compare the walking speed and the related spatio-temporal gait variables of fallers and non-fallers in three walking conditions against the speeds required by regulations in Slovenia for safe street crossing. To assess the spatio-temporal characteristics of gait we used a 7m instrumented walkway.The general results showed that the spatio-temporal gait parameters did not differ between the two groups at the self-selected speed. But as soon as a constraint, such as fast walking speed, was imposed on the subjects the differences between the groups became evident. Fallers demonstrated a significantly slower mean gait velocity and shorter stride length while the cadence and the base of support did not differ between the two groups. In dual task conditions the difference between the two groups reached 25 percent. The fallers group gait velocity dropped to 0.99 m/s. The observed walking speed was slower than considered by the guidelines for the design of traffic light equipped road crossing.In conclusion, the results of walking speed under dual task conditions could be a useful parameter for planning of optimal pedestrian crossing in urban areas. These results will serve for the design of a population based study in Ljubljana.

Plague Time: Space, Fear, and Emergency Statecraft in Early Modern Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-111
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Early Modern Italy ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Contingent Response ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Historical Examination

Michel Foucault argued famously that early modern European governors responded to plague by quarantining entire urban populations and placing citizens under minute surveillance. For Foucault, such sixteenth- and seventeenth-century policies were the first steps towards an authoritarian paradigm that would only emerge in full in the eighteenth century. The present article argues that Foucault’s model is too abstracted to function as a tool for the historical examination of specific emergencies, and it proposes an alternative analytical framework. Addressing itself to actual events in early modern Italy, the article reveals that when plague threatened, Florentine and Bolognese health officials projected themselves into a spatio-temporal dimension in which official actions and perceptions were determined solely by the spread of contagion. This dimension, “plague time,” was not a stage on the irresistible journey towards Foucault’s “utopia of the perfectly governed city.” A contingent response to a recurrent existential menace, plague time rose and fell in response to events, and may be understood as a season.

Research of Urban Intersections Group Scoping Based on Simulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 552 ◽  
pp. 240-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Xiao Han ◽  
Qian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Group Program ◽  
The Road ◽  
Dynamic Partitioning ◽  
Time Space

An urban intersection group consists of a set of intersections which are geographically adjacent and strongly correlated with each other. It is an effective way to relieve traffic congestion in the networks to set the key intersection of the road network as the core, radiate outward to find the scale of its influence and divide the intersections into groups according to their relevance. Determining intersections group is the fundament of improving traffic control. Therefore, analyzing the associated features of intersections group and the research method of determining the scope of intersection group to ensure the compatibility of "time", " space" and "traffic flow", is of high research value and practical significance[1]. This paper focuses on operating characteristics of adjacent intersections with factor (CF) as indicators of the value of the associated metric of the adjacent sections and developing dynamic partitioning intersection group program in VISSIM, and take the road network near Guangzhou Road as example.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL TRAFFIC PATTERNS BASED ON PEDESTRIAN TRAJECTORIES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B2 ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
S. Busch ◽  
T. Schindler ◽  
T. Klinger ◽  
C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
The Road ◽  
Embedded Graph ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Spatio Temporal

For driver assistance and autonomous driving systems, it is essential to predict the behaviour of other traffic participants. Usually, standard filter approaches are used to this end, however, in many cases, these are not sufficient. For example, pedestrians are able to change their speed or direction instantly. Also, there may be not enough observation data to determine the state of an object reliably, e.g. in case of occlusions. In those cases, it is very useful if a prior model exists, which suggests certain outcomes. For example, it is useful to know that pedestrians are usually crossing the road at a certain location and at certain times. This information can then be stored in a map which then can be used as a prior in scene analysis, or in practical terms to reduce the speed of a vehicle in advance in order to minimize critical situations. In this paper, we present an approach to derive such a spatio-temporal map automatically from the observed behaviour of traffic participants in everyday traffic situations. In our experiments, we use one stationary camera to observe a complex junction, where cars, public transportation and pedestrians interact. We concentrate on the pedestrians trajectories to map traffic patterns. In the first step, we extract trajectory segments from the video data. These segments are then clustered in order to derive a spatial model of the scene, in terms of a spatially embedded graph. In the second step, we analyse the temporal patterns of pedestrian movement on this graph. We are able to derive traffic light sequences as well as the timetables of nearby public transportation. To evaluate our approach, we used a 4 hour video sequence. We show that we are able to derive traffic light sequences as well as time tables of nearby public transportation.

scholarly journals Past times: Traffic in the rear-view mirror

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
John Lucocq
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Membrane Traffic ◽  
Good Time ◽  
The Road ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Cellular Compartments

When I was a lad, the adage that “cells are not simply bags full of enzymes” was already popular in biology, and how true it turned out to be. We now know that eukaryotes comprise cellular compartments whose integrity and composition is maintained by specific mechanisms, including the membrane traffic between membrane-bound organelles. So what attracts cell biologists to the challenge of membrane traffic? One reason may be the complexity in composition and spatio-temporal dynamics -- a complexity that manifests itself in the sheer beauty of the physical forms of the trafficking organelles. Another motivation may be the simple question of how complex mixtures of substances can be moved around selectively in membrane-bound vesicles while maintaining the compositional integrity of organelles. Whatever the attraction, it is clear that the full molecular inventory of traffic machinery will be known soon, and we stand now on the threshold of a deeper understanding. It is therefore a good time to look at what has been achieved so far. Interestingly, the focus of membrane trafficking research has come full circle. Initially, discrete organelles with specialized functions were described and then came a mass of molecular information. Now, we are back to the organelles, trying to work out how they are built and how they function in a dynamic way. As in any story of science, the road to discovery has been crucially dependent on clever insights, married with technical developments at both molecular and atomic resolution.

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