Understanding Post-Traumatic Adjustment Trajectories in School-Age Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Layne ◽  
Stevan Hobfoll
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trauma Informed ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
Over Time

Children and adolescents experience a wide range of reactions to trauma and loss, which can change over time and across development. Accurately recognizing and describing how youth are responding to life adversities is a key step in creating a trauma-informed school. Drawing on various theories, the authors propose 10 trajectories of post-traumatic adjustment. These consist of four trajectories of positive adjustment (stress resistance, resilient recovery, delayed recovery, and growth) and six trajectories of generally maladaptive adjustment (decline, delayed decline [sleeper effects], distress tolerance, phasic adjustment, severe decline, and chronic maladaptive functioning). The authors then describe key propositions of conservation of resource theory and propose how different resource qualities (e.g., potency, durability, accessibility) can contribute to different adjustment trajectories. They then consider how to use these resource qualities as a problem-solving tool for intervention planning and, more broadly, to help create school environments that steer children and adolescents towards positive post-traumatic adjustment trajectories, including stress resistance, resilient recovery, and growth.

Children and Adolescents

2016 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Diana Joyce-Beaulieu ◽  
Carmelo M. Callueng
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Rater Bias ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Work Samples ◽  
Achievement Assessment

Best practices and research in the testing and assessment of children and adolescents present a number of challenges and require consideration of a wide range of developmental factors. Neonatal and preschool assessments typically are conducted for medical and cognitive rehabilitative considerations addressing physical, sensory, communication, and brain function, which often require a cross-disciplinary approach between medical and psychological professions. Special considerations for these measures include limited predictive validity given the rapid changes in development, testing formats for preschool children, and score stability. Assessments for school-age children include norm-referenced measures of achievement, intelligence, temperament, personality, and psychopathology. Limitations for some of these measures include the representation of appropriate demographic variables in the norm samples, score stability, and potentials for rater bias. Auxiliary achievement assessment methods also may include curriculum-based measures and work samples. This chapter reviews each of these categories of assessments in light of implications for children and adolescents.

School Canteens in Selected Areas in Indonesia: A Situation Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-246
Author(s):  
Asrinisa Rachmadewi ◽  
Damayanti Soekarjo ◽  
Masumi Maehara ◽  
Basyrah Alwi ◽  
Erna Mulati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
School Canteen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Background: The school canteen has a massive impact on the dietary intake and nutritional status of school-age children and adolescents. This study aimed at assessing the current situation of school canteens in selected areas in Indonesia and relevant knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of school-going children and adolescents. Methods: A qualitative study was implemented in a purposive sample of 18 schools in Klaten and West Lombok districts with 2 comparison schools in Jakarta and Klaten. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with a wide range of stakeholders to collect information on nutrition knowledge, food preferences, related policies and governance, and opinions toward school canteens. Data were analyzed using thematic synthesis and narrative analysis. Results: Specific government guidelines on healthy foods and beverages to be sold in canteens are not yet in place. Many canteens had inadequate infrastructure and were managed informally, with limited rules, monitoring, and supervision. Although healthy options including vegetables and fruits were available in most canteens, unhealthy foods and beverages were abundant and cheap. Lack of awareness of the importance of nutrition of school-age children and adolescents was pervasive among all stakeholders. Personal preference and availability were main drivers of the students’ food choices. Conclusions: Concerted multisectoral and multistakeholders’ efforts are warranted to improve the quality of school canteens in Indonesia by developing a comprehensive relevant guideline, improving the capacity of related stakeholders and service providers, enhancing the implementation and monitoring, and generating demand for healthy canteens.

scholarly journals Phenomenology of the psychological consequences of sexual abuse in children and adolescents, depending on various factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
E.V. Nutskova
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Psychological Injury ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Effects Of Sexual Abuse

The paper is devoted to psychological consequences of sexual abuse in children and adolescents. It presents review of domestic and foreign research of psychological injury in minors. The article gives results of complex psychological and psychiatric examination of 183 juvenile victims of sexual abuse. Psychological effects of sexual abuse in children and adolescents are identified and described on the basis of age, gender, clinical characteristics of the mental state of the victim, as well as the type and duration of the abuse. Intensity and expressiveness of post-traumatic response as well as coverage of personality spheres increase with aging. The data on the gender specificity of the sexual abuse effects suggest that girls more demonstrate internal forms, while external manifestations dominate in boys. The type and duration of sexual abuse determine a wide range of possible psychological consequences. It is noted that the severity of the psychological effects of sexual abuse in victims with mental disorders associated with the trauma is higher than in victims qualified to be mentally sane or having a mental illness, non-associated with psychologically traumatic situations. Psychological consequences exhibited by mentally sane victims show a decrease in their quality of life.

Life events and post-traumatic stress: the development of a new measure for children and adolescents

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1275-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. COSTELLO ◽  
A. ANGOLD ◽  
J. MARCH ◽  
J. FAIRBANK
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
High Magnitude ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Low Magnitude

Background. A new interview measure of life events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been developed for children and adolescents aged 9 through 17, for use in both epidemiological and clinical studies. It includes ‘high magnitude’ events associated with PTSD as well as other ‘low magnitude’ events.Method. The interview is designed as a module of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, an interviewer-based interview conducted with parent and child separately by trained lay interviewers. The module includes: (1) questions about a wide range of events; (2) a screen for key PTSD symptoms (painful recall, avoidance, hypervigilance); and (3) a detailed interview on all PTSD symptoms, including onset, duration, severity and co-morbidity. A test–retest reliability study was conducted with 58 parents and children, who were interviewed twice by different interviewers.Results. Intraclass correlations were 0·72 (child) and 0·83 (parent) for high magnitude events, and 0·62 (child) and 0·58 (parent) for low magnitude events. Kappa coefficients ranged from high for violence and sexual abuse to low for child reports of serious accidents and natural disasters. The reliability of the PTSD screen symptoms was fair to excellent (κ=0·40–0·79), and reliability of PTSD symptoms in those who passed the screen was excellent (ICC=0·94–0·99). Compared with a general population sample (N=1015), the clinic-referred subjects and their parents were twice as likely to report a traumatic event and, depending on the event, up to 25 times as likely to report symptoms of PTSD.Conclusions. The results support the reliability and discriminant validity of the measure.

Anti-corruption in History

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Legitimate Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Over Time

Anticorruption in History is the first major collection of case studies on how past societies and polities, in and beyond Europe, defined legitimate power in terms of fighting corruption and designed specific mechanisms to pursue that agenda. It is a timely book: corruption is widely seen today as a major problem, undermining trust in government, financial institutions, economic efficiency, the principle of equality before the law and human wellbeing in general. Corruption, in short, is a major hurdle on the “path to Denmark”—a feted blueprint for stable and successful statebuilding. The resonance of this view explains why efforts to promote anticorruption policies have proliferated in recent years. But while the subjects of corruption and anticorruption have captured the attention of politicians, scholars, NGOs and the global media, scant attention has been paid to the link between corruption and the change of anticorruption policies over time and place. Such a historical approach could help explain major moments of change in the past as well as reasons for the success and failure of specific anticorruption policies and their relation to a country’s image (of itself or as construed from outside) as being more or less corrupt. It is precisely this scholarly lacuna that the present volume intends to begin to fill. A wide range of historical contexts are addressed, ranging from the ancient to the modern period, with specific insights for policy makers offered throughout.

scholarly journals A Newfangled Collagenase Inhibitor Topical Formulation Based on Ethosomes with Sambucus nigra L. Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Ana Henriques Mota ◽  
Inês Prazeres ◽  
Henrique Mestre ◽  
Andreia Bento-Silva ◽  
Maria João Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Topical Formulation ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra) is a shrub widespread in Europe and western Asia, traditionally used in medicine, that has become popular in recent years as a potential source of a wide range of interesting bioactive compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a topical S. nigra extract formulation based on ethosomes and thus to support its health claims with scientific evidence. S. nigra extract was prepared by an ultrasound-assisted method and then included in ethosomes. The ethosomes were analyzed in terms of their size, stability over time, morphology, entrapment capacity (EC), extract release profile, stability over time and several biological activities. The prepared ethosomes were indicated to be well defined, presenting sizes around 600 nm. The extract entrapment capacity in ethosomes was 73.9 ± 24.8%, with an interesting slow extract release profile over 24 h. The extract-loaded ethosomes presented collagenase inhibition activity and a very good skin compatibility after human application. This study demonstrates the potential use of S. nigra extract incorporated in ethosomes as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient and on further studies should be performed to better understand the impact of S. nigra compounds on skin care over the time.

Post-traumatic Headache in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Doll ◽  
Paul Gong ◽  
Michael Sowell ◽  
Lauren Evanczyk
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Post Traumatic
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