The Process of Interpretation

2019 ◽  
pp. 152-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Sharpless
Keyword(s):  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Clinical Vignette ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Expressive Therapy ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
And Behaviors

Interpretations are efforts by the therapist to connect conscious (or preconscious) feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (e.g., symptoms) to the unconscious materials that gave rise to them. Interpretations may consist of therapist observations or the presentation of a hypothesis that goes beyond what the patient already knows. Interpretations are often considered to be the epitome of the expressive therapy approach and, when done well, have been empirically linked to a positive outcome. Unfortunately, many beginning therapists are reluctant to use interpretations due to their complexity. Therefore, this chapter describes a clear, six-step procedure for generating psychodynamic interpretations and presenting them to patients. It also includes a list of questions for therapists to answer as they organize patient material. The chapter concludes with a lengthy clinical vignette following the six-step process and a discussion of the potential risks and rewards of interpretation.

scholarly journals The application of the CSB to the prediction of single step reactions and reaction pathways

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Nowak ◽  
Grzegorz Fic
Keyword(s):  
Combinatorial Chemistry ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Model Reaction ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Selective Generation

AbstractApplications of the CSB (Common-Sense Builder) system for the logic-oriented and knowledge-assisted simulation of chemical reaction courses are described. We present the possibility of using the CSB for two ways of reaction simulation, i.e., as a multi-step process or as single step procedure. Results of the first simulation type are given to predict the course, and to model reaction mechanism. The second one is capable of complex chemical transformations such as multi-component and cascade reactions to generate structurally diverse products for combinatorial chemistry. In several experiments performed, we analyze the capabilities and limitations of the CSB modules and controlling tools for the examination and selective generation of solutions.

scholarly journals A practical two-step procedure for the preparation of enantiopure pyridines: Multicomponent reactions of alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids followed by a cyclocondensation reaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 962-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Eidamshaus ◽  
Roopender Kumar ◽  
Mrinal K Bera ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Reissig
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Multicomponent Reaction ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Cyclocondensation Reaction

A practical approach to highly functionalized 4-hydroxypyridine derivatives with stereogenic side chains in the 2- and 6-positions is described. The presented two-step process utilizes a multicomponent reaction of alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids to provide β-methoxy-β-ketoenamides which are transformed into 4-hydroxypyridines in a subsequent cyclocondensation. The process shows broad substrate scope and leads to differentially substituted enantiopure pyridines in good to moderate yields. The preparation of diverse substituted lactic acid derived pyrid-4-yl nonaflates is described. Additional evidence for the postulated mechanism of the multicomponent reaction is presented.

The Ethics of Dual Relationships: Beliefs and Behaviors of Clinical Practitioners

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Ringstad
Keyword(s):  
Individual Therapy ◽  
Dual Relationships ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Nonsexual Dual Relationships ◽  
A Current

This study reports on a survey of 220 randomly selected MFTs and LCSWs about nonsexual dual relationships. The purpose was to investigate whether therapists were engaging in dual relationships and whether their beliefs and behaviors differed based on particular characteristics. Nearly one-third of the respondents had provided individual therapy to a friend, relative, or lover of a current client, disclosed details of their own personal stresses to clients, or accepted client invitations to special occasions. Over three-quarters had accepted small gifts from clients. Yet the majority viewed these relationships as unethical. Results imply that little consensus exists about nonsexual dual relationships, and therapists need to be vigilant in terms of potential risks to clients and to themselves.

The Ongoing Rediscovery of Après-Coup as a Central Freudian Concept

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan House
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
The Self ◽  
Psychic Trauma ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Psychoanalytic Concept ◽  
The Creation

Après-coup, Freud’s Nachträglichkeit, is an essential psychoanalytic concept structuring each of four concepts, four mental processes that lie at the foundation of Freud’s thinking: psychic trauma, repression, the creation of the unconscious, and the creation of infantile sexuality. It is argued here that infantile sexual drives, in contrast to the self-preservative instincts, arise from a two-step process of translation and repression in which the residues of failed translation become source-objects of the drives. These residues of failed translation have an associative resonance with adult sexuality, and the child is driven to ongoing attempts to translate them, to make them meaningful après coup. Thus, après-coup is at the heart of the human subject as a sexual creature who requires, desires, and creates meaning.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Amorphous Carbon Films

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Mircea Fotino ◽  
D.C. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Amorphous Carbon Films ◽  
Image Optimization ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Stm Images

In the last few years scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has made it possible and easily accessible to visualize surfaces of conducting specimens at the atomic scale. Such performance allows the detailed characterization of surface morphology in an increasing spectrum of applications in a wide variety of fields. Because the basic imaging process in STM differs fundamentally from its equivalent in other well-established microscopies, good understanding of the imaging mechanism in STM enables one to grasp the correct information content in STM images. It thus appears appropriate to explore by STM the structure of amorphous carbon films because they are used in many applications, in particular in the investigation of delicate biological specimens that may be altered through the preparation procedures.All STM images in the present study were obtained with the commercial instrument Nanoscope II (Digital Instruments, Inc., Santa Barbara, California). Since the importance of the scanning tip for image optimization and artifact reduction cannot be sufficiently emphasized, as stressed by early analyses of STM image formation, great attention has been directed toward adopting the most satisfactory tip geometry. The tips used here consisted either of mechanically sheared Pt/Ir wire (90:10, 0.010" diameter) or of etched W wire (0.030" diameter). The latter were eventually preferred after a two-step procedure for etching in NaOH was found to produce routinely tips with one or more short whiskers that are essentially rigid, uniform and sharp (Fig. 1) . Under these circumstances, atomic-resolution images of cleaved highly-ordered pyro-lytic graphite (HOPG) were reproducibly and readily attained as a standard criterion for easily recognizable and satisfactory performance (Fig. 2).

Bioterrorism-Related Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors of Community-Based Clinicians

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
pp. S48
Author(s):  
Robyn R. M. Gershon ◽  
Kristine A. Qureshi ◽  
Stephen S. Morse ◽  
Marissa A. Berrera ◽  
Catherine B. Dela Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Community Based ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

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