Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Buhlmann ◽  
Andrea S. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Dysfunctional Beliefs ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Information Processing Biases ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Models

According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype, and high importance of attractiveness). The chapter also reviews face recognition abnormalities and emotion recognition deficits and biases (e.g., misinterpreting neutral faces as angry) as well as facial discrimination ability. These studies suggest that BDD is associated with dysfunctional beliefs about one’s own appearance, information-processing biases, emotion recognition deficits and biases, and selective processing of appearance-related information. Future steps to stimulate more research and clinical implications are discussed.

Maternal Rejection and Idealized Value of Appearance: Exploring the Origins of Body Dysmorphic Concerns Among Young Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
Lara J. Farrell ◽  
Eva C. Gregertsen ◽  
Caroline L. Donovan ◽  
Amy Pammenter ◽  
Melanie Zimmer-Gembeck
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Rejection Sensitivity ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Parental Rejection ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Maternal Rejection ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Models

Body dysmorphic disorder is a clinical disorder characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in one’s appearance (American Psychological Association, 2013), causing impaired functioning. Cognitive-behavioral models of body dysmorphic disorder have been proposed, whereby social anxiety and parental rejection may be predisposing factors, whereas maladaptive cognitive biases, such as appraisals of rejection, may serve as maintenance factors. The primary aim of this study was to test the role that perceived parental rejection in childhood may play in understanding the development of body dysmorphic symptoms. Furthermore, this study examined whether idealized values of appearance act as a mediator between perceived maternal rejection and body dysmorphic symptoms. The sample comprised 239 Australian undergraduate psychology students. Social anxiety, appearance-based rejection sensitivity, maternal rejection, and idealized values of appearance uniquely predicted body dysmorphic symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between maternal rejection and body dysmorphic symptoms was partially mediated by idealized values of appearance. Findings support cognitive-behavioral models of body dysmorphic disorder.

Advances in Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders Other than OCD?

2021 ◽  
pp. 384-406
Author(s):  
Abel S. Mathew ◽  
Ivar Snorrason ◽  
Martha J. Falkenstein ◽  
Han-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Models ◽  
Therapy Interventions ◽  
Hair Pulling Disorder

The most recent version of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders includes a new chapter on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) that lists five main diagnoses: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, excoriation disorder (skin-picking disorder; SPD), and trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder; HPD). While the latter two conditions share some characteristics with OCD, there are also important differences. This chapter reviews the clinical characteristics of SPD and HPD, presents cognitive-behavioral models of these disorders, provides an overview of core cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions and treatment packages, and reviews recent advances in the use of technology in the treatment of these conditions. The understanding and treatment of SPD and HPD represents a promising area of research with the hope of improving the lives of those who struggle with these debilitating disorders.

Information Processing Biases in Impairment Decisions: Effect of Reversibility of Impairment Losses and Disclosure Transparency

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Hwee Cheng Tan ◽  
Ken T. Trotman
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Information Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Bias ◽  
Information Processing Biases ◽  
Search Bias

ABSTRACT We investigate the effect of regulatory requirements on impairment decisions and managers' search for and evaluation of impairment information. We manipulate reversibility of impairment losses (“can be reversed” versus “cannot be reversed”) and transparency in disclosures of impairment assumptions (more transparent versus less transparent) in a 2 × 2 experiment. We find that managers are more willing to impair when impairment losses can be reversed than when they cannot be reversed, but this effect does not vary with disclosure transparency. We also find that managers display information search bias in all four experimental conditions, however, regulatory requirements do not result in differences in the level of information search bias across the conditions. In contrast, regulatory requirements affect the differences in the level of information evaluation bias across conditions. We find that when impairment losses cannot be reversed, information evaluation bias is higher when disclosures are more transparent than less transparent. JEL Classification: M40; M41.

scholarly journals State-dependent alteration in face emotion recognition in depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Anderson ◽  
Clare Shippen ◽  
Gabriella Juhasz ◽  
Diana Chase ◽  
Emma Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Depressed Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Remitted Depression ◽  
Face Emotion Recognition ◽  
History Of Depression

BackgroundNegative biases in emotional processing are well recognised in people who are currently depressed but are less well described in those with a history of depression, where such biases may contribute to vulnerability to relapse.AimsTo compare accuracy, discrimination and bias in face emotion recognition in those with current and remitted depression.MethodThe sample comprised a control group (n = 101), a currently depressed group (n = 30) and a remitted depression group (n = 99). Participants provided valid data after receiving a computerised face emotion recognition task following standardised assessment of diagnosis and mood symptoms.ResultsIn the control group women were more accurate in recognising emotions than men owing to greater discrimination. Among participants with depression, those in remission correctly identified more emotions than controls owing to increased response bias, whereas those currently depressed recognised fewer emotions owing to decreased discrimination. These effects were most marked for anger, fear and sadness but there was no significant emotion × group interaction, and a similar pattern tended to be seen for happiness although not for surprise or disgust. These differences were confined to participants who were antidepressant-free, with those taking antidepressants having similar results to the control group.ConclusionsAbnormalities in face emotion recognition differ between people with current depression and those in remission. Reduced discrimination in depressed participants may reflect withdrawal from the emotions of others, whereas the increased bias in those with a history of depression could contribute to vulnerability to relapse. The normal face emotion recognition seen in those taking medication may relate to the known effects of antidepressants on emotional processing and could contribute to their ability to protect against depressive relapse.

Childhood Emotional Maltreatment, Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression, and Self-Referent Information Processing in Adulthood: Reciprocal Relations

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Steinberg ◽  
Brandon E. Gibb ◽  
Lauren B. Alloy ◽  
Lyn Y. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
Reciprocal Relations ◽  
Emotional Maltreatment ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Information Processing Biases ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Alternate Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk For Depression

Previous work has established a relationship between reports of childhood emotional maltreatment and cognitive vulnerability to depression, as well as an association between cognitive vulnerability and self-referent information-processing biases. Findings from this study of individuals at low (LR) and high (HR) cognitive risk for depression revealed a relationship between reports of childhood emotional maltreatment and current information processing biases. Specifically, individuals with greater childhood emotional maltreatment exhibited more negative self-referent information processing. Moreover, cognitive risk mediated the relationship between childhood emotional maltreatment and these information-processing biases. Testing an alternate model, information-processing biases also mediated the relationship between childhood emotional maltreatment and cognitive risk.

scholarly journals Highly neurotic never-depressed students have negative biases in information processing

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1281-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
STELLA W. Y. CHAN ◽  
GUY M. GOODWIN ◽  
CATHERINE J. HARMER
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Global Memory ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Per Se

ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive theories associate depression with negative biases in information processing. Although negatively biased cognitions are well documented in depressed patients and to some extent in recovered patients, it remains unclear whether these abnormalities are present before the first depressive episode.MethodHigh neuroticism (N) is a well-recognized risk factor for depression. The current study therefore compared different aspects of emotional processing in 33 high-N never-depressed and 32 low-N matched volunteers. Awakening salivary cortisol, which is often elevated in severely depressed patients, was measured to explore the neurobiological substrate of neuroticism.ResultsHigh-N volunteers showed increased processing of negative and/or decreased processing of positive information in emotional categorization and memory, facial expression recognition and emotion-potentiated startle (EPS), in the absence of global memory or executive deficits. By contrast, there was no evidence for effects of neuroticism on attentional bias (as measured with the dot-probe task), over-general autobiographical memory, or awakening cortisol levels.ConclusionsThese results suggest that certain negative processing biases precede depression rather than arising as a result of depressive experience per se and as such could in part mediate the vulnerability of high-N subjects to depression. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm that such cognitive vulnerabilities predict subsequent depression in individual subjects.

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