scholarly journals Highly neurotic never-depressed students have negative biases in information processing

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1281-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
STELLA W. Y. CHAN ◽  
GUY M. GOODWIN ◽  
CATHERINE J. HARMER
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Global Memory ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Per Se

ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive theories associate depression with negative biases in information processing. Although negatively biased cognitions are well documented in depressed patients and to some extent in recovered patients, it remains unclear whether these abnormalities are present before the first depressive episode.MethodHigh neuroticism (N) is a well-recognized risk factor for depression. The current study therefore compared different aspects of emotional processing in 33 high-N never-depressed and 32 low-N matched volunteers. Awakening salivary cortisol, which is often elevated in severely depressed patients, was measured to explore the neurobiological substrate of neuroticism.ResultsHigh-N volunteers showed increased processing of negative and/or decreased processing of positive information in emotional categorization and memory, facial expression recognition and emotion-potentiated startle (EPS), in the absence of global memory or executive deficits. By contrast, there was no evidence for effects of neuroticism on attentional bias (as measured with the dot-probe task), over-general autobiographical memory, or awakening cortisol levels.ConclusionsThese results suggest that certain negative processing biases precede depression rather than arising as a result of depressive experience per se and as such could in part mediate the vulnerability of high-N subjects to depression. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm that such cognitive vulnerabilities predict subsequent depression in individual subjects.

Acute fluoxetine modulates emotional processing in young adult volunteers

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2295-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Capitão ◽  
S. E. Murphy ◽  
M. Browning ◽  
P. J. Cowen ◽  
C. J. Harmer
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Affective Information ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Adult Volunteers

BackgroundFluoxetine is generally regarded as the first-line pharmacological treatment for young people, as it is believed to show a more favourable benefit:risk ratio than other antidepressants. However, the mechanisms through which fluoxetine influences symptoms in youth have been little investigated. This study examined whether acute administration of fluoxetine in a sample of young healthy adults altered the processing of affective information, including positive, sad and anger cues.MethodA total of 35 male and female volunteers aged between 18 and 21 years old were randomized to receive a single 20 mg dose of fluoxetine or placebo. At 6 h after administration, participants completed a facial expression recognition task, an emotion-potentiated startle task, an attentional dot-probe task and the Rapid Serial Visual Presentation. Subjective ratings of mood, anxiety and side effects were also taken pre- and post-fluoxetine/placebo administration.ResultsRelative to placebo-treated participants, participants receiving fluoxetine were less accurate at identifying anger and sadness and did not show the emotion-potentiated startle effect. There were no overall significant effects of fluoxetine on subjective ratings of mood.ConclusionsFluoxetine can modulate emotional processing after a single dose in young adults. This pattern of effects suggests a potential cognitive mechanism for the greater benefit:risk ratio of fluoxetine in adolescent patients.

Does Performing Other Audit Tasks Affect Going-Concern Judgments?

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Rau ◽  
Donald V. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Going Concern ◽  
Staff Members

This study examines whether personally performing other audit tasks can bias supervising seniors' going-concern judgments. During an audit, the senior performs some audit tasks him/herself and delegates other tasks to staff members. When personally performing an audit task, the senior would focus on the evidence related to that task. We predict that such evidence will have greater influence on the senior's subsequent going-concern judgment. The results of our experiment are consistent with our predictions. When provided with an identical set of information, seniors who performed another audit task for which the underlying facts of the case reflected positively (negatively) on the company's viability, subsequently made going-concern judgments that were relatively more positive (negative). Our results also demonstrate that the well-documented tendency of auditors to attend more to negative information does not always dominate auditors' information processing. Subjects who performed the task for which the underlying facts reflected positively on the company's viability directed their attention to such positive information and, consequently, both their memory and judgments were more positive than those of subjects in the other conditions. Recent findings indicating that biases in seniors' going-concern judgments may not be fully offset in the review process are discussed along with other potential implications of our results.

Always Look on the Bright Side of Life: The Attentional Basis of Positive Affectivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Grafton ◽  
Christian Ang ◽  
Colin MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Positive Affectivity ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Bright Side ◽  
Success Experience ◽  
Attentional Selectivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bias Modification

There is now reliable evidence that heightened positive affectivity is associated with a distinctive pattern of attentional selectivity, favouring emotionally positive information. While this has invited speculation that differential attentional responding to positive information may directly contribute to the determination of this emotional temperament, the causal basis of their association as yet remains unknown. We addressed this issue by experimentally manipulating selective attentional response to positive information, using a cognitive bias modification variant of the attentional probe task, and examining the impact of this attentional manipulation on positive emotional reactivity to a subsequent success experience. The findings support the hypothesis that individual differences in selective attentional response to positive information can make a causal contribution to variation in positive affectivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Could Emotions Be Modelled through Information Processing?

2015 ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Oshni Alvandi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Emotional Agents ◽  
The Brain

One way to evaluate cognitive processes in living or nonliving systems is by using the notion of “information processing”. Emotions as cognitive processes orient human beings to recognize, express and display themselves or their wellbeing through dynamical and adaptive form of information processing. In addition, humans behave or act emotionally in an embodied environment. The brain embeds symbols, meaning and purposes for emotions as well. So any model of natural or autonomous emotional agents/systems needs to consider the embodied features of emotions that are processed in an informational channel of the brain or a processing system. This analytical and explanatory study described in this chapter uses the pragmatic notion of information to develop a theoretical model for emotions that attempts to synthesize some essential aspects of human emotional processing. The model holds context-sensitive and purpose-based features of emotional pattering in the brain. The role of memory is discussed and an idea of control parameters that have roles in processing environmental variables in emotional patterning is introduced.

scholarly journals Foldness of Bipolar Fuzzy Sets and Its Application in BCK/BCI-Algebras

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036
Author(s):  
Young Bae Jun ◽  
Seok-Zun Song
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Fuzzy Ideal ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Bipolar Fuzzy Sets

Recent trends in modern information processing have focused on polarizing information, and and bipolar fuzzy sets can be useful. Bipolar fuzzy sets are one of the important tools that can be used to distinguish between positive information and negative information. Positive information, for example, already observed or experienced, indicates what is guaranteed to be possible, and negative information indicates that it is impossible, prohibited, or certainly false. The purpose of this paper is to apply the bipolar fuzzy set to BCK/BCI-algebras. The notion of (translated) k-fold bipolar fuzzy sets is introduced, and its application in BCK/BCI-algebras is discussed. The concepts of k-fold bipolar fuzzy subalgebra and k-fold bipolar fuzzy ideal are introduced, and related properties are investigated. Characterizations of k-fold bipolar fuzzy subalgebra/ideal are considered, and relations between k-fold bipolar fuzzy subalgebra and k-fold bipolar fuzzy ideal are displayed. Extension of k-fold bipolar fuzzy subalgebra is discussed.

Recognition of Facial Expressions by Urban Internet-Addicted Left-Behind Children in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ge ◽  
Xiaofang Zhong ◽  
Wenbo Luo
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Recognition Judgment ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Processing Mode ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Recognition Of Facial Expressions

Internet addition affects facial expression recognition of individuals. However, evidences of facial expression recognition from different types of addicts are insufficient. The present study addressed the question by adopting eye-movement analytical method and focusing on the difference in facial expression recognition between internet-addicted and non-internet-addicted urban left-behind children in China. Sixty 14-year-old Chinese participants performed tasks requiring absolute recognition judgment and relative recognition judgment. The results show that the information processing mode adopted by the internet-addicted involved earlier gaze acceleration, longer fixation durations, lower fixation counts, and uniform extraction of pictorial information. The information processing mode of the non-addicted showed the opposite pattern. Moreover, recognition and processing of negative emotion pictures were relatively complex, and it was especially difficult for urban internet-addicted left-behind children to process negative emotion pictures in fine judgment and processing stage of recognition on differences as demonstrated by longer fixation duration and inadequate fixation counts.

Redeployed functions versus spreading activation: A potential confound

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Klein
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Fmri Adaptation ◽  
Potential Confound

AbstractAnderson's meta-analysis of fMRI data is subject to a potential confound. Areas identified as active may make no functional contribution to the task being studied, or may indicate regions involved in the coordination of functional networks rather than information processing per se. I suggest a way in which fMRI adaptation studies might provide a useful test between these alternatives.

Contrasting patterns of deficits in visuospatial memory and executive function in patients with major depression with and without ECT referral

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 983-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tsaltas ◽  
S. Kalogerakou ◽  
V.-M. Papakosta ◽  
D. Kontis ◽  
E. Theochari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Visuospatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Paired Associates ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
State Examination

BackgroundThe pretreatment neuropsychological profile of drug-resistant patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may differ from that of their drug-respondent MDD counterparts. Such differences could help in identifying distinct MDD subtypes, thus offering insights into the neuropathology underlying differential treatment responses.MethodDepressed patients with ECT referral (ECTs), depressed patients with no ECT referral (NECTs) and non-psychiatric Controls (matched groups,n=15) were assessed with memory and executive function tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).ResultsECTs scored significantly lower than NECTs in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE;p=0.01). NECTs performed worse than Controls in the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) task (p<0.03; Control/NECTp<0.01) and the Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) task (p<0.05; Controls/NECTsp<0.05); ECTs performed between Controls and NECTs, not differing from either. In the Intra/Extradimensional (IED) set-shifting task, ECTs performed worse that Controls and NECTS (IED:p<0.01; Controls/ECTsp<0.01), particularly in the shift phases, which suggests reduced attentional flexibility. In Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), ECTs abandoned the test early more often than Controls and NECTs (H=11,p<0.01) but ECTs who completed SOC performed comparably to the other two groups.ConclusionsA double dissociation emerged from the comparison of cognitive profiles of ECT and NECT patients. ECTs showed executive deficits, particularly in attentional flexibility, but mild deficits in tests of visuospatial memory. NECTs presented the opposite pattern. This suggests predominantly frontostriatal involvement in ECTversustemporal involvement in NECT depressives.

Selective impairment in effortful information processing in major depression

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Hammar ◽  
Anders Lund ◽  
Kenneth Hugdahl
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Healthy Control

AbstractAutomatic and effortful information processing in depressed patients was investigated by a visual search paradigm, in order to examine dysfunctional effortful processing in depressed patients. Twenty-one patients with major depression, according to the DSM–IV, and with a moderate depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale score at >18 participated in the study. The healthy control group was matched for age, gender, and level of education. Half of the trials involved only one type of distractor, and the other half of the trials involved two types of distractors being presented. The results show that the performance of the depressed patients was equal to the control group when the target was easily recognized with only one type of distractor present. However, when target detection required a more difficult and complex attentive search strategy, effortful information processing, the depressed patients needed longer visual search time compared to the controls. Depressed patients seem to have impaired performance on effortful but not automatic information processing. (JINS, 2003, 9, 954–959.)

Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Buhlmann ◽  
Andrea S. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Dysfunctional Beliefs ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Information Processing Biases ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Models

According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype, and high importance of attractiveness). The chapter also reviews face recognition abnormalities and emotion recognition deficits and biases (e.g., misinterpreting neutral faces as angry) as well as facial discrimination ability. These studies suggest that BDD is associated with dysfunctional beliefs about one’s own appearance, information-processing biases, emotion recognition deficits and biases, and selective processing of appearance-related information. Future steps to stimulate more research and clinical implications are discussed.

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