Osteomyelitis of the Long and Flat Bones

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Sumer N. Shikhare ◽  
Wilfred C. G. Peh
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Bone Involvement ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Flat Bone ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Direct Inoculation

Chapter 86 highlights the imaging manifestations of osteomyelitis (OM) involving the long and flat bones. OM refers to inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by underlying infection, classically bacterial. Long and flat bone OM can occur either because of hematogenous spread, direct inoculation or from a contiguous source of infection. The severity depends on the factors such as organism isolated, pathogenesis, extent of bone involvement, duration of infection, and host factors such as age and immune status. Imaging plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis of OM with MRI being the modality of choice. Both acute and chronic forms of OM are still a big challenge to treat, even in the era of advanced antibiotics and new surgical techniques. Imaging helps in early diagnosis, which in turn helps to initiate early treatment.

Disseminated mycobacterial septicemia presented as acute abdomen: a surgeon’s perspective on Landouzy’s sepsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e237574
Author(s):  
Lokesh Vellore Dasarathan ◽  
Pranay Gaikwad ◽  
Ramesh Babu Telugu
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Acute Abdomen ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulse Steroid Therapy ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Antituberculosis Therapy ◽  
Pulse Steroid ◽  
Multi Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

A 20-year-old man presented in emergency with fever, abdominal pain and obstipation. On evaluation, he was found to have an acute abdomen with septic shock. The cross-sectional abdominal imaging revealed hepatosplenomegaly, pleural effusion and ascites with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. He was resuscitated and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. There was no other source of infection identified elsewhere. While bacterial and fungal cultures were negative, the sputum, blood, bone marrow and ascitic fluid were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis following which he was started on antituberculosis therapy. Despite therapy, the patient’s clinical condition continued to deteriorate requiring critical care. In view of Landouzy’s sepsis, pulse steroid therapy was started. However, the patient’s clinical condition continued to deteriorate and developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Despite the best efforts, the patient expired.

scholarly journals Factor XIII-A: An Indispensable “Factor” in Haemostasis and Wound Healing

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3055
Author(s):  
Fahad S. M. Alshehri ◽  
Claire S. Whyte ◽  
Nicola J. Mutch
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Factor Xiii ◽  
Severe Bleeding ◽  
Bleeding Diathesis ◽  
Unknown Mechanism ◽  
Protein Substrates ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Isopeptide Bonds

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase enzyme that catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds into protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIIIA2B2, has an established function in haemostasis, with fibrin being its principal substrate. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis emphasising its crucial role in this pathway. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits denoted FXIII-A, was perceived to remain intracellular, due to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. It is now apparent that FXIII-A can be externalised from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism. Thus, three pools of FXIII-A exist within the circulation: plasma where it circulates in complex with the inhibitory FXIII-B subunits, and the cellular form encased within platelets and monocytes/macrophages. The abundance of this transglutaminase in different forms and locations in the vasculature reflect the complex and crucial roles of this enzyme in physiological processes. Herein, we examine the significance of these pools of FXIII-A in different settings and the evidence to date to support their function in haemostasis and wound healing.

scholarly journals Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease and Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy, Similarities and Differences: A Glimpse into the Clinicopathology of Stromal Choroiditis, a Perspective and a Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 236 (04) ◽  
pp. 492-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Elahi ◽  
Carl Herbort
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Indocyanine Green ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Indocyanine Green Angiography ◽  
Enhanced Depth Imaging ◽  
Depth Imaging ◽  
Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Stromal Choroiditis

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to give a comprehensive and updated review on two primary stromal choroiditis entities, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) and birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC). Their appraisal has become much more precise thanks to new investigational methods, such as indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), which give substantially improved imaging access to the choroid. In this review, we focus on the crucial changes brought by this progress in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of these disorders. Application of these methods makes it possible to reach an early diagnosis, therefore allowing early treatment, which has led to a profound improvement in outcomes when compared to previous management.

scholarly journals Blount's disease: The importance of early diagnosis and early treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1454-1455
Author(s):  
Ioannis Delniotis ◽  
Benedikt Leidinger ◽  
Aikaterini Kyriakou ◽  
Nikiforos Galanis
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Blount’S Disease

Early Diagnosis of 6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin Synthase Deficiency

Pteridines ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Shintaku
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neurotransmitter Precursors ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

Summary 6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency, which used to be called dihydrobiopterin synthase deficiency, is the most common kind of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. Early treatment by administration of tetrahydrobiopterin and neurotransmitter precursors helps to prevent neurological injury, so prompt diagnosis of neonates with hyperphenylalaninemia discovered by screening for phenylketonuria is necessary. Three patients with PTPS deficiency were diagnosed by pteridine analysis. All patients had low biopterin and high neopterin levels in the urine, resulting in a neopterin to biopterin ratio (N/B)much higher than that of age-matched controls. The mean NIB in the parents of these patients was twice that of healthy unrelated adults. PTPS activity was measured in one of these patients with PTPS deficiency and in his family members; the patient was homozygous and his parents were heterozygous for PTPS deficiency. This result meant that N/Bcould be used as an index of PTPS activity. In healthy subjects studied cross-sectionally, urinary levels of pteridine decreased in groups of increasing age, and the same change was found in subjects with hyperphenylalaninemia studied cross-sectionally. Thus, pteridine values of patients can be compared meaningfully only with age-matched controls. The urinary N/Bis useful for the diagnosis of homozygotes and heterozygotes for PTPS deficiency.

ISVR modeling of an interferon gamma (IFN-γ) biosensor based on graphene

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (39) ◽  
pp. 7217-7224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnaz Akbari ◽  
Zolkafle Buntat ◽  
Mehrbakhsh Nilashi ◽  
Abdolkarim Afroozeh ◽  
Yousef Farhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Diagnosis Of Diseases

Nowadays the detection of proteins plays a crucial role for the early diagnosis of diseases.

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