Supranuclear Ocular Motor Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Scott D. Eggers
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Slow Eye Movements ◽  
Vestibulocerebellar Input

Properly functioning eye movements facilitate a clear, stable view of the environment. Saccadic eye movements and nystagmus fast phases are 2 types of fast eye movements. Slow eye movements include smooth pursuit, vestibular, optokinetic, and vergence. Reflexive and voluntary conjugate eye movements incorporate cortical, subcortical (basal ganglia), and vestibulocerebellar input to the final common pathways of horizontal and vertical eye movements. The present chapter reviews the anatomy and dysfunction of the supranuclear input to conjugate gaze.

Pursuit Subregion of the Frontal Eye Field Projects to the Caudate Nucleus in Monkeys

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 2678-2684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Mei Cui ◽  
Yi-Jun Yan ◽  
James C. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Field

It has been well established by recording, inactivation, and neuroanatomical studies that the caudate nucleus is important for the control of saccadic eye movements. However, until now, there has been little evidence that the caudate nucleus plays a role in smooth pursuit eye movements. In the present study, we physiologically identified the smooth pursuit subregion of the frontal eye field (FEFsem) and the saccadic subregion of the frontal eye field (FEFsac) in four Cebus monkeys. Anterogradely transported tracers (biotinylated dextran amines and wheat germ aglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase) were then used to determine the efferent connections of the FEFsem to the caudate nucleus and to compare those connections with projections arising in the FEFsac. We observed dense projections from the FEFsem to the head and body of the caudate. The FEFsem and FEFsac terminal fields were of approximately equal density and total area. The region of FEFsem-labeled axon terminals overlapped only slightly with the region of FEFsac-labeled terminals. These results suggest that the caudate nucleus may play an important role in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements via feedback loops involving the basal ganglia and thalamus. Our results further suggest that the basal ganglia circuitry concerned with controlling visual pursuit is physically segregated from that concerned with controlling saccadic eye movements.

Visually evoked slow eye movements, visual-vestibular interaction, and infratentorial lesions

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Wennmo ◽  
Nils Gunnar Henriksson ◽  
Bengt Hindfelt ◽  
Ilmari PyykkÖ ◽  
MÅNs Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Phase Velocity ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Slow Phase Velocity ◽  
Velocity Gain ◽  
Visual Vestibular Interaction ◽  
Slow Eye Movements

The maximum velocity gain of smooth pursuit and optokinetic, vestibular, and optovestibular slow phases was examined in 15 patients with pontine, 10 with medullary, 10 with cerebellar, and 5 with combined cerebello — brain stem disorders. Marked dissociations were observed between smooth pursuit and optokinetic slow phases, especially in medullary disease. A cerebellar deficit enhanced slow phase velocity gain during rotation in darkness, whereas the corresponding gain during rotation in light was normal.

Effects of cerebellar lesions on saccadic eye movements

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1246-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Antagonist Muscle ◽  
Restoring Forces ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
Cerebellar Symptoms

1. Areas of cerebellar cortex related to saccadic eye movements were ablated in three Macaca mulatta monkeys trained to fixate visual targets. There followed a postoperative dysmetria of saccadic eye movements which appeared to be the result of an impairment specifically within the saccadic system. 2. Convergent evidence from two experimental paradigms indicated that the saccadic deficit was a function of the position of the eye in the orbit and did not involve retinal error processing. 3. The pattern of this position-dependent dysmetria suggests that the eye was no longer fully compensating for the elastic restoring forces imposed by the orbital medium and antagonist muscle(s). 4. The similarity of these data to saccadic eye movements of human cerebellar patients and arm movements of rhesus monkeys with cerebellar lesions indicates that the inability to compensate for the differential loads placed on motor systems by the mechanics of those systems may explain several cerebellar symptoms.

scholarly journals Saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements trigger equivalent gaze-cued orienting effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1860-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen RH Langton ◽  
Alex H McIntyre ◽  
Peter JB Hancock ◽  
Helmut Leder
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Orienting Effect ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Uncued Target

Research has established that a perceived eye gaze produces a concomitant shift in a viewer’s spatial attention in the direction of that gaze. The two experiments reported here investigate the extent to which the nature of the eye movement made by the gazer contributes to this orienting effect. On each trial in these experiments, participants were asked to make a speeded response to a target that could appear in a location toward which a centrally presented face had just gazed (a cued target) or in a location that was not the recipient of a gaze (an uncued target). The gaze cues consisted of either fast saccadic eye movements or slower smooth pursuit movements. Cued targets were responded to faster than uncued targets, and this gaze-cued orienting effect was found to be equivalent for each type of gaze shift both when the gazes were un-predictive of target location (Experiment 1) and counterpredictive of target location (Experiment 2). The results offer no support for the hypothesis that motion speed modulates gaze-cued orienting. However, they do suggest that motion of the eyes per se, regardless of the type of movement, may be sufficient to trigger an orienting effect.

Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
Voluntary Eye Movements ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Brain

Primates use a combination of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements to stabilize the retinal image of selected objects within the high-acuity region near the fovea. Pursuit has traditionally been viewed as a relatively automatic behavior, driven by visual motion signals and mediated by pathways that connect visual areas in the cerebral cortex to motor regions in the cerebellum. However, recent findings indicate that this view needs to be reconsidered. Rather than being controlled primarily by areas in extrastriate cortex specialized for processing visual motion, pursuit involves an extended network of cortical areas, and, of these, the pursuit-related region in the frontal eye fields appears to exert the most direct influence. The traditional pathways through the cerebellum are important, but there are also newly identified routes involving structures previously associated with the control of saccades, including the basal ganglia, the superior colliculus, and nuclei in the brain stem reticular formation. These recent findings suggest that the pursuit system has a functional architecture very similar to that of the saccadic system. This viewpoint provides a new perspective on the processing steps that occur as descending control signals interact with circuits in the brain stem and cerebellum responsible for gating and executing voluntary eye movements. Although the traditional view describes pursuit and saccades as two distinct neural systems, it may be more accurate to consider the two movements as different outcomes from a shared cascade of sensory–motor functions.

Disorders of Ocular Motility with Disease Affecting the Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex, and in Systemic Conditions

2015 ◽  
pp. 916-1024
Author(s):  
R. John Leigh ◽  
David S. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Ocular Motility ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Tay Sachs Disease ◽  
Motor Apraxia ◽  
Niemann Pick ◽  
Eye Movement Disorders

This chapter reviews (with illustrative videos) disorders of gaze in diseases involving the basal ganglia, including Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), hyperkinetic movement syndromes such as oculogyric crisis, and Huntington’s disease. Ocular motor syndromes caused by lesions in the cerebral hemispheres are discussed, including gaze deviations. Distinctive features of ocular motor apraxia, both acquired and congenital, are highlighted. Eye movements during epilepsy, and abnormal eye movements in patients with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are reviewed. Eye movement disorders in psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and autism are summarized. Eye movements in stupor and coma are discussed. The range of ocular motor disturbances in multiple sclerosis (MS) is reviewed as well as the ocular motor manifestations of metabolic and deficiency disorders, including Niemann-Pick disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Disorders of eye movements induced by drugs or toxins are tabulated.

Aetiological Factors in Dyslexia: II. Ocular-Motor Programming

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Leisman ◽  
Maureen Ashkenazi ◽  
Lance Sprung ◽  
Joddy Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Motor Programming ◽  
Ocular Motor

A study is presented in which the preprogramming of saccadic eye movements is examined in normal (16 boys, 4 girls) and dyslexic subjects (19 boys, 1 girl), as well as the patterning of ocular-motor differences between subjects, which is consistent with the previous study in which no differences in saccadic control are demonstrated between groups of subjects.

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