Sleep Pathophysiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
Gabriel Anders ◽  
Melissa C. Lipford
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Pontine Tegmentum ◽  
Neurobiological Substrates ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Clinical Deficits

Sleep is a natural, reversible, and periodic behavioral state characterized by perceptual inattention and decreased responsiveness to external stimuli. The processes governing sleep, sleep-wake transitions, and maintenance of wakefulness are mediated by complex physiologic mechanisms, the primary neurobiological substrates of which include the neocortex, basal forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pontine tegmentum, and brainstem monoaminergic nuclei. Moreover, the integrity of brainstem autonomic respiratory control networks becomes critical in the maintenance of ventilation during sleep. Pathologic insults to these systems may result in a broad constellation of clinical deficits.

scholarly journals Stabilizing immature breathing patterns of preterm infants using stochastic mechanosensory stimulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Bloch-Salisbury ◽  
Premananda Indic ◽  
Frank Bednarek ◽  
David Paydarfar
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Nonlinear Properties ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Postconceptional Age ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Large Improvement

Breathing patterns in preterm infants consist of highly variable interbreath intervals (IBIs) that might originate from nonlinear properties of the respiratory oscillator and its input-output responses to peripheral and central signals. Here, we explore a property of nonlinear control, the potential for large improvement in the stability of breathing using low-level exogenous stochastic stimulation. Stimulation was administered to 10 preterm infants (postconceptional age: mean 33.3 wk, SD 1.7) using a mattress with embedded actuators that delivered small stochastic displacements (0.021 mm root mean square, 0.090 mm maximum, 30–60 Hz); this stimulus was subthreshold for causing arousal from sleep to wakefulness or other detectable changes in the behavioral state evaluated with polysomnography. We used a test-retest protocol with multiple 10-min intervals of stimulation, each paired with 10-min intervals of no stimulation. Stimulation induced an ∼50% reduction ( P = 0.003) in the variance of IBIs and an ∼50% reduction ( P = 0.002) in the incidence of IBIs > 5 s. The improved stability of eupneic breathing was associated with an ∼65% reduction ( P = 0.04) in the duration of O2 desaturation. Our findings suggest that nonlinear properties of the immature respiratory control system can be harnessed using afferent stimuli to stabilize eupneic breathing, thereby potentially reducing the incidence of apnea and hypoxia.

Functional MRI in Pediatric Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 140-157
Author(s):  
John Vijay Sagar Kommu ◽  
Sowmyashree Mayur Kaku
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Gaze Aversion ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Neurobiological Substrates

This chapter addresses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain in children with neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders. Common challenges of pediatric fMRI studies are related to acquisition and processing. In children with disruptive behavior disorders, deficits in affective response, empathy, and decision-making have been reported. Resting-state fMRI studies in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have shown altered activity in default mode and cognitive control networks. Task-based fMRI studies in ADHD have implicated frontoparietal cognitive and attentional networks. The role of stimulants in restoring the altered brain function has been examined using fMRI studies. In children with autism spectrum disorder, fMRI studies using face-processing tasks, theory-of-mind tasks, imitation, and language processing (e.g., sentence comprehension), as well as studies of gaze aversion, interest in social faces, and faces with emotions have implicated cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus, insula, fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, planum temporale, inferior frontal gyrus, basal ganglia, thalamus, cingulate cortex, corpus callosum, and brainstem. In addition, fMRI has been a valuable research tool for understanding neurobiological substrates in children with psychiatric disorders (e.g., psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders).

Adenosine and behavioral state control: adenosine increases c-Fos protein and AP1 binding in basal forebrain of rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Basheer ◽  
Tarja Porkka-Heiskanen ◽  
Dag Stenberg ◽  
Robert W McCarley
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Fos Protein

scholarly journals Respiration modulates oscillatory neural network activity at rest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Kluger ◽  
Joachim Gross
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Temporal Modulation ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Oscillatory Neural Network ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Phase Amplitude

AbstractDespite recent advances in understanding how respiration affects neural signalling to influence perception, cognition, and behaviour, it is yet unclear to what extent breathing modulates brain oscillations at rest. We acquired respiration and resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from human participants to investigate if, where, and how respiration cyclically modulates oscillatory amplitudes (2 – 150 Hz). Using measures of phase-amplitude coupling, we show respiration-modulated brain oscillations (RMBOs) across all major frequency bands. Sources of these modulations spanned a widespread network of cortical and subcortical brain areas with distinct spectro-temporal modulation profiles. Globally, high-frequency gamma modulation increased with distance to the head centre, whereas delta and theta modulation decreased with height in the sagittal plane. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive mapping of RMBOs across the entire brain, highlighting respiration-brain coupling as a fundamental mechanism to shape neural processing within canonical resting-state and respiratory control networks.

Adenosinergic modulation of basal forebrain and preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neuronal activity in the control of behavioral state

2000 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Strecker ◽  
Stephen Morairty ◽  
Mahesh M Thakkar ◽  
Tarja Porkka-Heiskanen ◽  
Radhika Basheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Behavioral State

scholarly journals Respiration modulates oscillatory neural network activity at rest

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. e3001457
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Kluger ◽  
Joachim Gross
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Oscillatory Neural Network ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Comprehensive Mapping ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism

Despite recent advances in understanding how respiration affects neural signalling to influence perception, cognition, and behaviour, it is yet unclear to what extent breathing modulates brain oscillations at rest. We acquired respiration and resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from human participants to investigate if, where, and how respiration cyclically modulates oscillatory amplitudes (2 to 150 Hz). Using measures of phase–amplitude coupling, we show respiration-modulated brain oscillations (RMBOs) across all major frequency bands. Sources of these modulations spanned a widespread network of cortical and subcortical brain areas with distinct spectrotemporal modulation profiles. Globally, delta and gamma band modulations varied with distance to the head centre, with stronger modulations at distal (versus central) cortical sites. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive mapping of RMBOs across the entire brain, highlighting respiration–brain coupling as a fundamental mechanism to shape neural processing within canonical resting state and respiratory control networks (RCNs).

scholarly journals Genetic Activation, Inactivation, and Deletion Reveal a Limited And Nuanced Role for Somatostatin-Containing Basal Forebrain Neurons in Behavioral State Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (22) ◽  
pp. 5168-5181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Anaclet ◽  
Roberto De Luca ◽  
Anne Venner ◽  
Olga Malyshevskaya ◽  
Michael Lazarus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Forebrain Neurons
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