Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Edward Shorter
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Benzene Ring ◽  
Drug Company ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Tablet Form ◽  
Full Swing ◽  
Dye Industry

The pharmaceutical industry began in 1858, with August Kekulé’s discovery of the benzene ring, which formed the basis of the dye industry that eventually turned into the pharmaceutical industry. Merck and Pfizer bought medicinal chemicals in bulk and processed them into pharmaceuticals for sale to pharmacies or directly to physicians, who dispensed them to patients. The idea of selling medicine was to displace the compounding pharmacist as the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry accelerated with the introduction of a new pill-making technology: in 1900, with the aspirin, Bayer in Leverkusen became the first drug company to market a major product in tablet form. Drug manufacture transitioned into an industry that went into full swing in the 1920s.

scholarly journals Crystal Structures of Four Novel Thiophene/Phenyl-piperidine Hybrid Chalcones

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1020-C1020
Author(s):  
Masood Parvez ◽  
Muhammad Bakhtiar ◽  
Muhammad Baqir ◽  
Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Benzene Ring ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding Interactions ◽  
Benzene Rings ◽  
Type C

Chalcones constitute an important class of bioactive drug targets in the pharmaceutical industry that includes anti-ulcerative drug sofalcone. In continuation of our work, the crystal structures of four closely related 1-phenyl-piperidine based chalcones will be presented. I: C19 H21NOS, MW = 311.43, T = 173(2) K, λ = 0.71073 Å, Orthorhombic, P b c a, a = 10.1045(4), b = 10.5358(4), c = 30.6337(12) Å, V = 3261.2(2) Å3, Z = 8, Dc = 1.269 Mg/m3, F (000) = 1328, R [I>2σ(I)] = 0.059. II: C18H19NOS, MW = 297.40, T = 173(2) K, λ = 1.54178 Å, Orthorhombic, P b c a, a = 8.9236(2), b = 11.0227(2), c = 30.8168(6) Å, V = 3031.21(11) Å3 Z = 8, Dc = 1.303 Mg/m3, F (000) = 1264, R [I>2σ(I)] = 0.035. III: C18H19NOS, MW = 297.40, T = 173(2) K, λ = 1.54178 Å, Orthorhombic, P b c a, a = 8.82990(10), b = 11.0061(2), c = 31.2106(5) Å, V = 3033.13(8) Å3, Z = 8, Dc = 1.303 Mg/m3, F (000) = 1264, R [I>2σ(I)] = 0.048. IV: C18H18ClNOS, MW = 331.84, T = 173(2) K, λ = 0.71073 Å, Monoclinic, P 21/c, a = 14.1037(4), b = 11.3153(3), c = 10.1290(2) Å, β = 101.1367(14)0, V = 1586.02(7) Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.390 Mg/m3, F (000) = 696, R [I>2σ(I)] = 0.038. The crystals of I, II and III are isomorphous. In all structures, the piperidine rings are in chair conformations, thiophene rings are essentially planar and the C=C bonds in the prop-2-en-1-one fragment adopt E-conformation. All crystal structures are devoid of any classical hydrogen bonds. However, non-classical hydrogen bonding interactions of the type C---H...O in compounds II, III and IV link the molecules into chains extended along the b-axis. Moreover, C---H...Cg interactions involving thiophene rings in I and III and benzene ring in IV and π...π interactions between benzene rings lying about inversion centers are present in II and III.

scholarly journals Alkylphenol Biotransformations Catalyzed by 4-Ethylphenol Methylenehydroxylase

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 3650-3652 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Hopper ◽  
Lisa Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Benzene Ring ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Quinone Methide ◽  
Chiral Alcohol ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Methylene Group

ABSTRACT 4-Ethylphenol methylenehydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida JD1 acts by dehydrogenation of its substrate to give a quinone methide, which is then hydrated to an alcohol. It was shown to be active with a range of 4-alkylphenols as substrates. 4-n-Propylphenol, 4-n-butylphenol, chavicol, and 4-hydroxydiphenylmethane were hydroxylated on the methylene group next to the benzene ring and produced the corresponding chiral alcohol as the major product. The alcohols 1-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)propanol and 1-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-ol, produced by the biotransformation of 4-n-propylphenol and chavicol, respectively, were shown to be R(+) enantiomers. 5-Indanol, 6-hydroxytetralin, 4-isopropylphenol, and cyclohexylphenol, with cyclic or branched alkyl groups, gave the corresponding vinyl compounds as their major products.

The Hospital through Other Eyes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel R. Gillick
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Drug Company ◽  
Hospital Formulary ◽  
Hospital Administrators ◽  
Patient’S Experience ◽  
Sophisticated Equipment

The patient’s experience of hospitalization is affected by device manufacturers, the pharmaceutical industry, government regulators, and Medicare as well as by physicians and hospital administrators. For example, the hospital is the largest consumer of medical devices and the site for intensive lobbying to purchase the newest, most sophisticated equipment; medications taken by patients in the hospital are likely to be continued after discharge, resulting in drug company pressure to influence the hospital formulary.

Removal of Natural Dyes from Tie Dye Effluent by Coagulation Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 736 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Witthaya Mekhum ◽  
Torpong Kreetachat ◽  
Kowit Suwannahong ◽  
Chaisri Tarasawatpipat
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Dye Industry

The aim of this research was to find the efficiency ways to treat wastewater from dye tie dye technique by using an effective wastewater treatment system and find out how to implant the technology of the waste water treatment system to help the problems of the community activities which the tie-dye fabric were the major product of their area. The wastewater from the tie-dye industry were collected and were treated with physical, chemistry and biological treatment by using local materials such as sea shell, alum and clay in a laboratory scale. The data from the treatment were used in the designing the small scale water treatment and apply to the study area. Moreover, the treatment technique knowledge will transfer to the community and establish guidelines for community Wastewater treatment. The COD of wastewater from the dying materials of Bark of Xylocarpus granatum, Bark of Sea almond and Bark of Ebony tree seed were 479.2, 428.5, and 564.2 mg/l, respectively. The water quality were improved better up to 83.61% after were treated with the treatment technique. The satisfaction of the community that participate in the training, technology transfer and adoption of guidelines for therapists to use in the community were found that 86 percent had gained the knowledge in wastewater treatment, 95 percent were satisfied and 85 percent of knowledge were benefit to the community, respectively.

scholarly journals Drug company payments to General Practices in England: Cross-sectional and social network analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261077
Author(s):  
Eszter Saghy ◽  
Shai Mulinari ◽  
Piotr Ozieranski
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Drug Company ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Practice Characteristics ◽  
Important Target ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Financial Dependency

Although there has been extensive research on pharmaceutical industry payments to healthcare professionals, healthcare organisations with key roles in health systems have received little attention. We seek to contribute to addressing this gap in research by examining drug company payments to General Practices in England in 2015. We combine a publicly available payments database managed by the pharmaceutical industry with datasets covering key practice characteristics. We find that practices were an important target of company payments, receiving £2,726,018, equivalent to 6.5% of the value of payments to all healthcare organisations in England. Payments to practices were highly concentrated and specific companies were also highly dominant. The top 10 donors and the top 10 recipients amassed 87.9% and 13.6% of the value of payments, respectively. Practices with more patients, a greater proportion of elderly patients, and those in more affluent areas received significantly more payments on average. However, the patterns of payments were similar across England’s regions. We also found that company networks–established by making payments to the same practices–were largely dominated by a single company, which was also by far the biggest donor. Greater policy attention is required to the risk of financial dependency and conflicts of interests that might arise from payments to practices and to organisational conflicts of interests more broadly. Our research also demonstrates that the comprehensiveness and quality of payment data disclosed via industry self-regulatory arrangements needs improvement. More interconnectivity between payment data and other datasets is needed to capture company marketing strategies systematically.

scholarly journals Influence of drug company authorship and sponsorship on drug trial outcomes

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongeji Tungaraza ◽  
Rob Poole
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Drug Company ◽  
Drug Trial ◽  
Drug Trials ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Trial Outcomes

SummaryStudies of drug treatments are more likely to report favourable outcomes when they are funded by the pharmaceutical industry. We compared drug trials reported in three major psychiatric journals to investigate these influences. Independent studies were more likely to report negative findings than industry-funded studies. However, the involvement of a drug company employee had a much greater effect on study outcome than financial sponsorship alone.

The Function of Drug Company Representatives

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Hemminki ◽  
Terttu Pesonen
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Drug Company ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Drug Prescribing ◽  
Prescribing Habits ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
Health Institutions ◽  
Drug Detailing

The drug industry has a major influence on drug prescribing habits through their medical representatives. We therefore set out to see whether their work was more concerned with providing information or with selling, more with demand or with supply, and how much it cost in Finland. We interviewed currently employed and former representatives and contact persons in health institutions, and analysed advertisements for vacancies for medical representatives. It seems that companies regard detailing more as a sales activity than as public relations and that this trend towards selling has gained in importance in recent years. The number of representatives engaged in the pharmaceutical industry exceeds the demand for their services. The drug companies allotted in 1975 detailing at least 5000 Fmk ($1300) per physician per year. Our conclusion is that drug detailing is neither necessary nor beneficial for the health services.

The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties: A Critical Analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Warren Bell ◽  
John W. Osterman
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Drug Company ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Drug Information ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Current Drug ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Creation

The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS) is the most widely used source of drug information in Canada, and is heavily financed by the pharmaceutical industry. A close examination of its contents comparing a computer-drawn, randomized sample of monographs from its “White Pages” to standard pharmacological reference works demonstrates certain of its characteristics: it uncritically includes many inadequate preparations; it overstates the benefits and understates the adverse qualities of many preparations; and it contains little or no information on relative indications, efficacy, or price. These characteristics serve to promote the marketing goals of the drug manufacturers and severely limit the volume's usefulness as an objective source of drug information. The role of the CPS and similar publications in the overall context of current drug company marketing strategies is discussed. Finally, suggestions for improvements are made involving the elimination of direct manufacturer financing, and the creation of an objective, independent, nonprofit publishing agency supported by professional and governmental organizations.

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