The Function of Drug Company Representatives

The drug industry has a major influence on drug prescribing habits through their medical representatives. We therefore set out to see whether their work was more concerned with providing information or with selling, more with demand or with supply, and how much it cost in Finland. We interviewed currently employed and former representatives and contact persons in health institutions, and analysed advertisements for vacancies for medical representatives. It seems that companies regard detailing more as a sales activity than as public relations and that this trend towards selling has gained in importance in recent years. The number of representatives engaged in the pharmaceutical industry exceeds the demand for their services. The drug companies allotted in 1975 detailing at least 5000 Fmk ($1300) per physician per year. Our conclusion is that drug detailing is neither necessary nor beneficial for the health services.

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AIDS Drugs & the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Need For Reform

American Journal of Law & Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0098858800006547 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 363-410

Author(s):

Mary T. Griffin

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Research And Development ◽

Drug Approval ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Price Regulation ◽

Drug Industry ◽

Drug Companies ◽

Aids Drugs

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry has long enjoyed substantial profits despite increased requirements for drug approval and various attempts to regulate the industry. Drug companies have avoided effective regulation by blaming high prices on the costs of research and development. The search for drugs effective in combatting HIV and AIDS related illnesses has provided a stark background on which to view the actions and justifications of drug companies. Despite increased cooperation between government and the drug industry and expedited approval of several useful drugs, these drugs are still prohibitively expensive. This Article explores the history and economics of the drug industry and proposes a system of national price regulation for all drugs.

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Reflecting on “Marketing communications in health and medicine: perspectives from Willis-Knighton Health System”: understanding the big picture

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-020-05607-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

James K. Elrod ◽

John L. Fortenberry

Keyword(s):

Health Services Research ◽

Health Services ◽

Public Relations ◽

Health System ◽

Sales Promotion ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Marketing Communications ◽

Services Research ◽

Special Supplement ◽

Big Picture

Abstract Background Willis-Knighton Health System’s special supplement in BMC Health Services Research, “Marketing communications in health and medicine: perspectives from Willis-Knighton Health System,” focuses on advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and related communicative avenues, associated theory, and more. Across the supplement’s articles, insights from the institution’s experiences are presented, addressing the components of the marketing communications mix, foundational elements of communication, the patronage process, and the necessity for integrating marketing communications. Discussion As an understanding of the big picture is crucial in marketing communications, especially given that many of its components must be effected simultaneously, this particular article takes the insights provided in the supplement and presents them in an operational framework, demonstrating the marketing communications process. This framework concisely summarizes the facets profiled in the associated articles, permitting readers to see how these pieces work in concert with one another in health and medical settings, providing a basic communications structure which healthcare establishments can use to advance their patient engagement initiatives. Conclusions Health and medical providers must ensure that they possess a detailed understanding of core marketing communications facets, but as they acquire associated knowledge, they also must direct attention toward understanding the interrelationships between and among these facets, permitting a global perspective of communicative operations. This particular article summarizes insights from Willis-Knighton Health System’s special supplement in BMC Health Services Research, providing a pathway toward realizing big picture marketing communications perspectives.

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Pharmaceutical Promotion in the Third World

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/002204269202200218 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 417-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Joel Lexchin

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Third World ◽

Marketing Practice ◽

Professional Groups ◽

The Third ◽

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽

Drug Companies ◽

Pharmaceutical Promotion ◽

The Third World

The pharmaceutical industry is motivated by profit and it is the quest for ever larger sales and profits that determines how the industry promotes its products. The author analyzes the methods that drug companies use in marketing their drugs to doctors and consumers, and the consequences in terms of costs and health. Some of the drugs advertised are valuable; others are irrational mixtures, useless or dangerous and should not be on the market. Even for products of proven worth, the companies have a double standard when it comes to promoting them in the Third World. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations does have a Code of Marketing Practice, but major weaknesses in the code render it almost impotent in regulating promotion. When consumers and health care professionals question the tactics of the industry, the response is usually to attack the credibility of the critics rather than to deal with the issues that they raise. Physicians and consumers are strongly influenced by pharmaceutical promotion, with all too predictable results: Doctors prescribe irrationally and consumers develop grossly distorted ideas about the value of modern medications. Reforms to promotional practices are possible, but may be beyond the resources of Third World countries. Achieving these reforms will require the efforts of Third World countries, progressive elements in the pharmaceutical industry, consumer and professional groups and some form of organized international support.

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A hidden web of policy influence: The pharmaceutical industry’s engagement with UK’s All-Party Parliamentary Groups

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252551 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252551

Author(s):

Emily Rickard ◽

Piotr Ozieranski

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Total Drug ◽

Conflicts Of Interests ◽

Policy Influence ◽

Patient Organisations ◽

Drug Companies ◽

Health Related ◽

Industry Needs

Our objective was to examine conflicts of interest between the UK’s health-focused All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) and the pharmaceutical industry between 2012 and 2018. APPGs are informal cross-party groups revolving around a particular topic run by and for Members of the UK’s Houses of Commons and Lords. They facilitate engagement between parliamentarians and external organisations, disseminate knowledge, and generate debate through meetings, publications, and events. We identified APPGs focusing on physical or mental health, wellbeing, health care, or treatment and extracted details of their payments from external donors disclosed on the Register for All-Party Parliamentary Groups. We identified all donors which were pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical industry-funded patient organisations. We established that sixteen of 146 (11%) health-related APPGs had conflicts of interest indicated by reporting payments from thirty-five pharmaceutical companies worth £1,211,345.81 (16.6% of the £7,283,414.90 received by all health-related APPGs). Two APPGs (Health and Cancer) received more than half of the total value provided by drug companies. Fifty APPGs also had received payments from patient organisations with conflicts of interest, indicated by reporting 304 payments worth £986,054.94 from 57 (of 84) patient organisations which had received £27,883,556.3 from pharmaceutical companies across the same period. In total, drug companies and drug industry-funded patient organisations provided a combined total of £2,197,400.75 (30.2% of all funding received by health-related APPGs) and 468 (of 1,177–39.7%) payments to 58 (of 146–39.7%) health-related APPGs, with the APPG for Cancer receiving the most funding. In conclusion, we found evidence of conflicts of interests through APPGs receiving substantial income from pharmaceutical companies. Policy influence exerted by the pharmaceutical industry needs to be examined holistically, with an emphasis on relationships between actors potentially playing part in its lobbying campaigns. We also suggest ways of improving transparency of payment reporting by APPGs and pharmaceutical companies.

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DIGITAL INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS (DIMC) ACTIVITIES OF DIGITAL PRODUCTS FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY (FINTECH) “ALAMI”

Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi ◽

10.14421/pjk.v14i1.2017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Baharudin Noveriyanto

Keyword(s):

Public Relations ◽

Direct Marketing ◽

Personal Selling ◽

Sales Promotion ◽

Public Relation ◽

Major Influence ◽

Marketing Communication ◽

Integrated Marketing ◽

Integrated Marketing Communication ◽

Financial Technology

Abstract. The development of information and communication technology has now had a major impact on the industrial world in Indonesia. Changes in the industrial model towards digital have a major influence on marketing activities carried out by companies so that they can win the competition in the midst of increasingly sharp business competition. The ability to adapt and innovate quickly and precisely by involving various digital communication media and marketing technology will have a positive influence on the company. ALAMI is a digital-based sharia financial product brand (financial technology), where the name ALAMI is taken from the prefix of the verse in the Al-Quran, namely "Alif, Lam, Mim" which is then shortened to ALAMI. This study aims to determine the activities of digital integrated marketing communication (DIMC) in digital financial technology (fintek) products ALAMI, which consist of digital advertising, digital personal selling, digital sales promotion, digital public relations and digital direct marketing. This study uses a qualitative approach that focuses on the concept of integrated marketing communication (IMC) Kotler (2008) which consists of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing conducted digitally for financial technology products ALAMI. The main conclusion of this research is that the application of digital integrated marketing communication in digital financial products ALAMI can be done well, and is efficient in terms of costs. The concept of digital integrated marketing communication (DIMC) is a form of transformation of the concept of integrated marketing communication (IMC) whose implementation activities are adjusted to technological developments and the characteristics of the current digital industry. Abstrak. Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi kini telah berdampak besar terhadap dunia industri di Indonesia. Perubahan model industri kearah digital memberikan pengaruh besar pada kegiatan pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan agar dapat memenangkan kompetisi ditengah-tengah persaingan bisnis yang semakin tajam. Kemampuan melakukan adaptasi dan inovasi dengan cepat dan tepat dengan melibatkan berbagai media komunikasi digital dan teknologi pemasaran akan memberikan pengaruh positif kepada perusahaan. ALAMI adalah sebuah merek produk keuangan syariah berbasis digital (financial technology), dimana nama ALAMI ini diambil dari awalan ayat dalam Al-Quran, yaitu “Alif, Lam, Mim” yang selanjudnya disingkat menjadi ALAMI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas digital integrated marketing communication (DIMC) pada produk digital financial technology (fintek) ALAMI yang terdiri dari digital advertising, digital personal selling, digital sales promotion, digital public relation dan digital direct marketing. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang memfokuskan pada konsep aktifitas Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Kotler (2008) yang terdiri dari advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relation dan direct marketing berbasis digital untuk produk financial technology ALAMI. Kesimpulan utama dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa penerapan digital integrated marketing communication pada produk keuangan digital ALAMI dapat dilakukan dengan baik, dan efisien dalam segi biaya. Konsep digital integrated marketing communication (DIMC) adalah salah satu wujud dari trasformasi konsep integrated marketing communication (IMC) yang implementasi kegiatannya disesuikan dengan perkembangan tekonology dan karakteristik industry digital saat ini.

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Ethical Concerns or Medical Dominance? Ethical Responsibility Conflicts Between Mental Health Authorities and Social Researchers

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2017.v13n10p226 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Dilrukshi Abeysinghe

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Service ◽

Health Service ◽

Health Services ◽

Social Research ◽

Ethical Responsibility ◽

Service Users ◽

Research Projects ◽

Health Authorities ◽

Health Institutions

The objective of this paper is to examine the ethical responsibility conflicts between mental health authorities and social researchers. This issue is examined with reference to the social research protocols imposed by the authorities of mental health institutions based on ethical grounds. It also explores how such ethical conflicts affect social research, which provides convincing evidence for the enhancement of mental health services. This paper analyzes ethical reasoning conflicts between social researchers and mental health authorities in terms of the psychiatric and social approaches to mental health and distress. The study is based on eight research projects to be conducted at mental health institutions in Sri Lanka during the period 2014–2016 that were designed by two academic staff members, two postgraduates, and four undergraduates in the Department of Sociology at the University of Colombo. Data was collected from the eight researchers who designed the research projects and from four administrative officers, one officer from each of the concerned institutions where the projects were to be conducted. A structured interview method was used to collect the data. According to the findings, the protocols recommended by mental health authorities based on ethical grounds divest social researchers of their ethical responsibility to conduct research that could advance mental health services and assist mental health service users. The study reveals that such protocols deprive mental health service users of their right and autonomy to make decisions about divulging information, expressing views, and accessing meaningful social relationships and activities.

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Hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat

10.31227/osf.io/sxm9u ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Fani futiani

Keyword(s):

Public Relations ◽

School Management ◽

Community Empowerment ◽

Major Influence ◽

Good School ◽

High Participation ◽

Good Schools ◽

The Relationship ◽

Education Process

Abstract - The relationship between the school and the community is very influential in improving the behavior of students. Public relations as a liaison from the school and the community must always be maintained properly because the school will always be associated with the community, cannot be separated from it as a school partner in achieving the success of the school itself. The high participation of parents in school education is one of the characteristics of good school management, meaning that the extent to which the community can be empowered in the education process in schools is an indicator of the management of the school in question. Community empowerment in education is needed especially to support the implementation of good schools. The level of community participation in the education process in this school seems to have a major influence on the progress of the school, the quality of learning services in schools which will ultimately affect the progress and learning achievement of children in school.

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Industry

10.1093/med/9780197574430.003.0006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 77-98

Author(s):

Edward Shorter

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Benzene Ring ◽

Drug Company ◽

Major Product ◽

Tablet Form ◽

Full Swing ◽

Dye Industry

The pharmaceutical industry began in 1858, with August Kekulé’s discovery of the benzene ring, which formed the basis of the dye industry that eventually turned into the pharmaceutical industry. Merck and Pfizer bought medicinal chemicals in bulk and processed them into pharmaceuticals for sale to pharmacies or directly to physicians, who dispensed them to patients. The idea of selling medicine was to displace the compounding pharmacist as the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry accelerated with the introduction of a new pill-making technology: in 1900, with the aspirin, Bayer in Leverkusen became the first drug company to market a major product in tablet form. Drug manufacture transitioned into an industry that went into full swing in the 1920s.

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Young Citizen's Political Engagement in India

Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development - Examining the Roles of IT and Social Media in Democratic Development and Social Change ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1791-8.ch005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 115-132

Author(s):

Mandakini Paruthi ◽

Priyam Mendiratta ◽

Gaurav Gupta

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Public Relations ◽

Political Communication ◽

Political Engagement ◽

Major Influence ◽

Digital Citizenship ◽

Digital Medium ◽

General Elections ◽

Marketing Tool ◽

Use Of Social Media

Social media has emerged as a dominant digital medium platform in contemporary society. The quick development of social media has instigated changes concerning the way publics to interact with a group of people with similar ideologies, the quality of information they share, or the opportunity to acquire and share ideas. Social media use has a major influence on public relations, marketing, and political communication. Therefore, politicians are formulating their strategies to reach increasingly networked individuals. The chapter defines political engagement concept, focuses on excessive use of social media to understand how the emergence of digital citizenship is changing political engagement. In addition to this, the chapter also examines whether the use of social media exercise any effect on 2014 and 2019. General elections outcome or not and discuss the proposed conceptual framework for future empirical testing. The chapter highlights the various concerns needed to be taken care of while using social media as a marketing tool for promoting political participation and engagement.

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