A Pharmacokinetic Study of Mix-160 by LC-MS/MS: Oral Bioavailability of a Dosage Form of Citroflavonoids Mixture

This study was performed to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters between two dosage formulations of hesperidin and naringenin: mixture and tablet. Our objective was to determine that the flavonoid tablet does not significantly modify the pharmacokinetic parameters compared with the mixture. For this study, we administered 161 mg/kg of either mixture (Mix-160) or tablet composed of hesperidin and by intragastric administration. Blood microsamples were collected from tail vein up to 24 h. Serum flavonoid extraction was performed by solid phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS of triple quadrupole (QqQ). Serum concentration vs. time plot showed that data fitted for a first-order model. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a noncompartmental model. The results showed that the absorption constant is higher than the elimination constant. The first concentration was found at five minutes, and minimal concentration at 24 h after administration, suggesting a enterohepatic recirculation phenomena and regulation of liver cytochromes’ activity. We did not find meaningful differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of both samples. We concluded that tablet form did not interfere with the bioavailability of hesperidin and naringenin, and it could be a suitable candidate for developing a drug product.

Review of Jwarahara Gutika Yogas Containing Vatsanabha in Sahasrayogam

Vatsanabha is Vishavarga dravya mentioned in many of the Ayurveda Samhitas, which is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicinal preparations. It has a property of Jwarahara, Amaghna, Swedajana which is very useful in Jwara cases. The drugs like Parada, Gandhaka, Hingula along with Vatsanabha shows fast action on Jwara. In Ayurveda there are many formulations mentioned with Jwarahara properties. In this article we are studying about 17 Jwarahara Gutika yogas containing Vatsanabha which are mentioned in Sahasrayogam. Purpose of this study is to analyse these Yoga in the aspect of their ingredients, Bhavana dravya, Anupana, Sevana vidhi, and their role in management of Jwara. When we analysing each and every ingredients on these Yogas there are certain similarities in ingredients, Bhavana dravya, Anupana of these medicines. Most of these ingredients have Deepana Pachana karma, Katu Thikta rasa, Ushna veerya, Katu vipaka etc which are beneficial for Samprapti vighatana of Jwara. As Sahasrayogam is a compilation of popular formulations which are commonly used by ancient physicians of Kerala, it is assumed that all of this Yoga were once in practice. These formulations are to be kept in tablet form which is very convenient for their administration, palatability etc. But very few of them are available in market. In this current scenario of Covid pandemic Ayurveda field should rethink about these potent medicines of Jwara for the well being of our community, and further study and clinical trial also needed to know their action on Jwara.

Comparison of three galenic forms of lamivudine in young West African children living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Background Few pharmacokinetic data were reported on dispersible tablets despite their increasing use. One hundred fifty HIV-infected children receiving lamivudine were enrolled in the MONOD ANRS 12,206 trial. Three galenic forms were administered: liquid formulation, tablet form and dispersible scored tablet. Method HIV-infected children <4 years old were enrolled in the MONOD ANRS 12,206 trial designed to assess the simplification of a successful 12-months lopinavir-based antiretroviral treatment with efavirenz. Lamivudine plasma concentrations were analysed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling approach. Results One hundred and fifty children (age: 2.5 years (1.9–3.2), weight 11.1 (9.5–12.5) kg (median (IQR)) were included in this study. Over the study period, 79 received only the syrup form, 29 children switched from syrup form to tablet 3TC/AZT form, 36 from syrup to the orodispersible ABC/3TC form and two from the 3TC/AZT form to the orodispersible ABC/3TC form. The 630 lamivudine concentrations were best described by a two-compartment model allometrically scaled. Galenic form had no significant effect on 3TC pharmacokinetic. Conclusion This trial provided an opportunity to compare three galenic forms (liquid formulation, tablet form and dispersible scored tablet) of lamivudine in the target population of young HIV–1-infected children. Galenic form had no significant effect on lamivudine pharmacokinetics.

A SCIENTIFIC DRUG REVIEW ON PUNARNAVA MANDUR

Punarnava Mandura a classical Herbo mineral formulation is available on the market either in tablet form or in Churna form and is frequently used for Anemia, Low Platelet count, Low RBC count, swelling around Joints, Generalized Swelling, Gout and other end toxins accumulation. It is also a diuretic and is useful in renal disorders. In renal failure, it is used with Mutrakrichantak Churna for getting good results. Used with it. This medicine is more commonly used in North Indian Ayurvedic practice. Clinical research involves investigating proposed med- ical treatments, assessing the relative benefits of competing therapies, and establishing optimal treatment combi- nations. It is the most fruitful line of approach for methods of diagnosis and treatment as described in Ayurvedic literature. Anaemia is the most common indicator used to screen for iron deficiency, the terms anaemia, iron defi- ciency, Pandu roga is known since Vedic period and Iron preparations for the treatment of Pandu Roga has also been well known since ancient times. Punarnava as name designates regeneration; it may help to decrease, the work of Kidneys as it has Mutral properties. Keywords: Punarnava Mandur, herbomineral, Anemia.

Improvements in Quality of Life and Thyroid Parameters in Hypothyroid Patients on Ethanol-Free Formula of Liquid Levothyroxine Therapy in Comparison to Tablet LT4 Form: An Observational Study

Levothyroxine (LT4) is a standard therapy in hypothyroidism; however, its bioavailability and therapeutic effects might be affected by many factors. Data shows that therapy with liquid LT4 characterized by quicker pharmacokinetics provides better thyroid hormones control than tablet LT4. We addressed the quality of life (QoL) and efficacy of the new ethanol-free formula of liquid LT4 (Tirosint®SOL) treatment in 76 euthyroid patients with primary (PH, n = 46) and central hypothyroidism (CH, n = 30), and compared the results to retrospective data on equivalent doses of tablet L-T4 therapy. After 8 weeks of liquid LT4 therapy, we found a significant improvement in QoL in both PH and CH patients. TSH levels were unaltered in PH patients. Free hormone levels (fT4 and fT3) increased in all the patients, with the exception of fT3 in the CH group. SHBG and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) also improved. Liquid LT4 therapy provided a better thyroid hormone profile and improvement in patients’ QoL than the tablet form, which was possibly due to the more favorable pharmacokinetics profile resulting in better absorption, as suggested by the increased free thyroid hormone levels. In summary, this is the first study addressing the QoL in hypothyroid patients, including primary and central hypothyroidism, treated with liquid LT4 formula in everyday practice.

A REVIEW OF THE COMBINATION OF XANTHINE AND BRONCHODILATOR DRUG IN MOUTH‑DISSOLVING FILM FOR ASTHMA TREATMENT”

There has been an increase in demand for caregiver dosage forms over the past two decades. In the oral cavity, mouth dissolving film dissolves swiftly. Oral films that dissolve in your mouth function best when combined with medications that act quickly, such as Xanthine category drugs (Salbutamol Sulphate) and Xanthene Derivative Theophylline. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), asthma affects one in six adults and a quarter of all children, according to the WHO. A child’s admission to the hospital is often due to asthma, which is one of the most prevalent reasons for admission. During an asthma attack, quick-relief or rescue drugs are used to relax and open the airways, as well as ease symptoms. If prescribed, these medications can also be administered prior to exercise. To treat asthma, a combination of Salbutamol Sulfate and Theophylline is available in tablet form under the brand name “Theo-Asthalin.” Oral films seem to be the most efficacious formulation. As a consequence, children with asthma should receive support from drugs given in the form of mouth-dissolving films, since they provide better patient compliance and an appropriate treatment method.

Comparative effectiveness of flea allergic dermatitis treatment regimens in dogs and cats

The article discusses the influence of external factors on the degree of risk of infection with flea allergic dermatitis among pets. Studied modern veterinary drugs that can be used to treat and prevent flea allergic dermatitis caused by flea lesions. Also, effective regimens for the treatment and prevention of flea allergic dermatitis have been drawn up. It was found that the preparation in the form of a collar is less effective than preparations in the form of "Spot-on". A flea collar is also less effective in dogs with thick coats. The drug in the form of "Spot-on" contact action begins to act after 12 hours, in contrast to the collar, which begins to act in full force after two days. The peculiarity of the form of release of the drug "Spot-on" allows it to evenly disperse on the skin of the animal and prevent a flea bite. This leads to rapid relief of itching and excludes new scratching. The tablet form does not fully protect against flea bites, which leads to a new outbreak of dietary supplements in the animal. The use of Spot-on drops in one of the group of subjects and the collar in the other group increased the effect of protection against flea bites and reduced the risk of developing dietary supplements in dogs. For cats, it is recommended to regularly treat fleas with the Spot-on contact action drug, the effectiveness of which has been proven by a decrease in the number of fleas in animals after the first day of treatment, in contrast to the form of release of the drug in the form of a collar. Droplet formulations in cats have also been shown to reduce itching and scratching.

Industry

The pharmaceutical industry began in 1858, with August Kekulé’s discovery of the benzene ring, which formed the basis of the dye industry that eventually turned into the pharmaceutical industry. Merck and Pfizer bought medicinal chemicals in bulk and processed them into pharmaceuticals for sale to pharmacies or directly to physicians, who dispensed them to patients. The idea of selling medicine was to displace the compounding pharmacist as the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry accelerated with the introduction of a new pill-making technology: in 1900, with the aspirin, Bayer in Leverkusen became the first drug company to market a major product in tablet form. Drug manufacture transitioned into an industry that went into full swing in the 1920s.

Prevention of the development of adverse reactions in the treatment of tuberculosis in combination with diabetes mellitus

Background. In recent decades, tuberculosis (TB) and its resistant forms have become an increasing problem in lowincome countries, especially in countries with epidemics of HIV infection and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM). DМ has been shown to adversely affect TB treatment outcomes. Low treatment outcomes for TB/DM comorbidity are associated with age, weight gain, or poor glycemic control, and it is the increased duration of DM treatment that may be the best strategy for improving outcomes in TB/DM patients. In the formation of the development of polyneuropathy, one of the components is increasing ischemia and intracellular hypoxia, which is characteristic of TB/DM. Decreased blood flow contributes to the destabilization of cell membranes and neuronal death. The interconnected components of the immune and other systems, namely pro-inflammatory cytokines, play an important role in the formation and progression of these processes. Results and discussion. Our clinical assessment of the general condition of patients with TB/DM (23 patients) showed that 91.5 % of the examined patients complained of persistent cough with sputum production, 78 % had shortness of breath, weight loss of more than 5 kg – 89.8 %, thirst – 80 %, 75 % – tingling and numbness of the lower extremities, pain in the legs at night – 85.5 % of people. Sub-febrile temperature (37.4-37.9 °C) was registered in 52.2 % of the examined patients. The general condition of moderate severity prevailed in 49.5 % of patients. Intoxication syndrome (IS) in TB/DM patients by clinical and paraclinical signs was observed in all patients, respectively, pronounced (manifest) IS was recorded in 79.5 %. Body mass index is on average 15.6 kg/m2 (p<0.001). To prevent the development of polyneuropathy, patients with TB/DM was prescribed anti-TB drugs, insulin and additionally pathogenetic therapy according to the scheme: Neuromax, 2 ml intravenously, intramuscular once a day for 7 days, followed by the administration of the drug 2 times a week for 3 weeks, and with the subsequent transition to the tablet form – 1 tablet per day (until the end of the intensive phase of treatment), then Dialipon 3 % solution of 20 ml was prescribed intravenously drip for 7 days (the contents of the ampoule are diluted in 250 ml of 0.9 % sodium chloride solution), with the subsequent transition to a tablet form of 300 mg – 2 tablets once a day for a month. Conclusions. The proposed method makes it possible to effectively prevent adverse reactions in the treatment of TB in combination with DM, reduce the manifestations of peripheral polyneuropathy, provide better tolerance to anti-TB drugs, normalize clinical blood parameters, accelerate the rate of normalization of the content of some pro (IL-6, IL-18) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the blood plasma of patients, which, in turn, reduces the percentage of refusals from the treatment of comorbid pathology.

A Critical Review of Herbo-Mineral Formulations in Jwara Chikitsa

Fever is a generalized body reaction to a variety of infectious and non-infectious causes. Fever was referred to as jwara by ancient Ayurvedic seers, and it was thought to be the most serious ofall diseases. Fever is described as a separate illness, a symptom, and a complication of many ailments in Ayurveda classics. Jwara is the first and most serious of all diseases, so it needs special attention. In this article, we will attempt to compile and evaluate Rasa yogas in jwara chikithsa from various Ayurvedic classics. Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Bhaishjya Rathnavali, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasa Tharangini and other works are reviewed in detail. In Rasasastra classics, these formulations are indicated separately for navajwara chikitsa, nirama jwara chikitsa, jeerna jwara chikitsa, vishama jwara chikitsa, and sannipatha jwara chikitsa. This article includes 112 formulations from various sources that have been classified based on their indications. There are certain peculiarities in the ingredients based on jwara avasthas that can be discovered by studying these formulations. The majority of these formulations are herbo-mineral compounds that come in tablet form, making dosage, administration, and palatability more convenient. A few of these formulations are commercially available for common clinical practise. Antipyretic use is excessive in everyday life in the present pandemic situation. The aim of this study is to raise awareness of these particular formulations in the health-care system so that they can be applied to community needs. Key words: fever, jwara, navajwara, vishama jwara, nirama jwara, sannipatha jwara, herbo mineral formulations, rasa yogas.