Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting

2020 ◽  
pp. 797-805
Author(s):  
Philip R. Dormitzer ◽  
Ulrich Desselberger
Keyword(s):  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Intravenous Rehydration ◽  
Rehydration Solutions ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Enteric Adenoviruses

Acute gastroenteritis is frequently caused by rotaviruses, human caliciviruses (noroviruses, sapoviruses), astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses (group F): these cause much disease worldwide and considerable mortality, mainly in developing countries. Other viruses found in the human gastrointestinal tract are not regularly associated with diarrhoeal disease, except in patients who are immunosuppressed and in whom herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and picobirnaviruses can cause diarrhoea, as can HIV itself. Following an incubation period of 1–2 days, there is sudden onset of watery diarrhoea lasting between 4 and 7 days, vomiting, and varying degrees of dehydration. Other features include abdominal cramps, headache, myalgia, and fever. Treatment is supportive, mainly with oral rehydration solutions or—in more severe cases—intravenous rehydration. Continued feeding is recommended, with zinc supplementation in areas where micronutrient deficiency may be present.

Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting

2010 ◽  
pp. 536-541
Author(s):  
Philip Dormitzer ◽  
Ulrich Desselberger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Enteric Adenoviruses

Acute gastroenteritis is frequently caused by rotaviruses, human caliciviruses (noroviruses, sapoviruses), astroviruses and enteric adenoviruses (group F): these cause much disease worldwide and considerable mortality, mainly in developing countries. Other viruses found in the human gastrointestinal tract are not regularly associated with diarrhoeal disease, except in patients who are immunosuppressed and in whom herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and picobirnaviruses can cause diarrhoea, as can HIV itself....

scholarly journals An epidemic of cholera due toVibrio choleraeO139 in Dhaka, Bangladesh: clinical and epidemiological features

1994 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mahalanabis ◽  
A. S. G. Faruque ◽  
M. J. Albert ◽  
M. A. Salam ◽  
S. S. Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Large Hospital ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Intravenous Rehydration ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Culture Positive

SUMMARYWe describe the disease spectrum and socio-demographic and epidemiological features of an epidemic of cholera due to a new pathogen.Vibrio choleraeO139, in patients attending a very large hospital in the metropolitan city of Dhaka, Bangladesh.This hospital treats 70000–90000 patients a year with diarrhoeal diseases. A 4% systematic sample of 1854 patients attending from January to April 1993 were studied.Five hundred and two (27%) of the 1854 patients were culture positive forV. choleraeO139 and 63 (3%) were culture positive forV. choleraeO1 biotype El Tor. Patients withV. choleraeO139 were mainly adults with a short history of watery diarrhoea. Eight-three percent of patients had moderate to severe dehydration. All recovered except one 80-year-old man with compromised renal function who died. Seventy-eight percent of patients required initial intravenous rehydration followed by oral rehydration therapy with rice ORS; they also received tetracycline to reduce diarrhoea severity. Most patients were from urban slums with inadequate sanitation facilities and hygiene practices.The newly recognizedV. choleraeO139 infection produced an epidemic of severe dehydrating diarrhoea indistinguishable from clinical cholera in a population which experiences two epidemic peaks of cholera in a year due toV. choleraeO1. Infection with the latter does not appear to confer any cross-protection fromV. choleraeO139. The new pathogen suppressed, albeit temporarily,V. choleraeO1. Unlike other non-O1 serogroups ofV. choleraethis new serogroup appears to have epidemic potential.

scholarly journals A comparative virological study of children in hospital with respiratory and diarrhoeal illnesses

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Stott ◽  
E. J. Bell ◽  
M. B. Eadie ◽  
C. A. C. Ross ◽  
N. R. Grist
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virological Study ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Lower Respiratory Disease

Between October 1963 and April 1965, 113 children with respiratory disease and 113 children with diarrhoeal disease were matched for age and time of entry into hospital and studied by virus isolation and serological techniques.Infections with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, parainfluenza virus and herpes simplex virus respectively were found in 29, 11 and 12 children in the respiratory illness group but in only 1, 2 and 4 children in the diarrhoeal group. Rhinoviruses were isolated from 10 children in each group and in seven cases were associated with lower respiratory disease. Adenovirus infections were found in nine children with respiratory disease and eight with diarrhoea. Of the 40 enteroviruses isolated 16 were associated with respiratory disease and 24 with diarrhoea.A poor or delayed serological response in children under 4 months with RS virus infection was observed. Addition of unheated rabbit serum increased the sensitivity of the neutralization test with RS virus.These findings indicate that respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza virus infections were clearly associated with respiratory illness but the pathogenic role of the other viruses was not clear.

scholarly journals Gastroenteritis Rehydration Of children with Severe Acute Malnutrition (GASTROSAM): A Phase II Randomised Controlled trial: Trial Protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Peter Olupot-Olupot ◽  
Florence Aloroker ◽  
Ayub Mpoya ◽  
Hellen Mnjalla ◽  
George Passi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Intravenous Rehydration ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Rehydration Solutions ◽  
Post Randomisation

Background: Children hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are frequently complicated (>50%) by diarrhoea (≥3 watery stools/day) which is accompanied by poor outcomes. Rehydration guidelines for SAM are exceptionally conservative and controversial, based upon expert opinion. The guidelines only permit use of intravenous fluids for cases with advanced shock and exclusive use of low sodium intravenous and oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for fear of fluid and/or sodium overload. Children managed in accordance to these guidelines have a very high mortality. The proposed GASTROSAM trial is the first step in reappraising current recommendations. We hypothesize that liberal rehydration strategies for both intravenous and oral rehydration in SAM children with diarrhoea may reduce adverse outcomes. Methods An open Phase II trial, with a partial factorial design, enrolling Ugandan and Kenyan children aged 6 months to 12 years with SAM hospitalised with gastroenteritis (>3 loose stools/day) and signs of moderate and severe dehydration.  In Stratum A (severe dehydration) children will be randomised (1:1:2) to WHO plan C (100mls/kg Ringers Lactate (RL) with intravenous rehydration given over 3-6 hours according to age including boluses for shock), slow rehydration (100 mls/kg RL over 8 hours (no boluses)) or  WHO SAM rehydration regime (ORS only (boluses for shock (standard of care)).  Stratum B incorporates all children with moderate dehydration and severe dehydration post-intravenous rehydration and compares (1:1 ratio) standard WHO ORS given for non-SAM (experimental) versus WHO SAM-recommended low-sodium ReSoMal. The primary outcome for intravenous rehydration is urine output (mls/kg/hour at 8 hours post-randomisation), and for oral rehydration a change in sodium levels at 24 hours post-randomisation. This trial will also generate feasibility, safety and preliminary data on survival to 28 days. Discussion. If current rehydration strategies for non-malnourished children are safe in SAM this could prompt future evaluation in Phase III trials.

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