Urinary system

2021 ◽  
pp. 497-534
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Obstructive Uropathy ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Urinary Continence ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Bladder Control ◽  
System P ◽  
Body Fluid Homeostasis

The ‘Urinary system’ chapter opens with a description of the urinary tract morphology (kidney, ureters, bladder) and its histology. Renal function is considered, including glomerular filtration, the role and regulation of the renal tubules in producing dilute and concentrated urines, and the mechanisms of action of diuretic drugs. The function of the kidney in body fluid homeostasis (extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity, pH) is then discussed, and the regulation of kidney function explored, including bladder control and urinary continence. Finally, renal failure and obstructive uropathy are discussed as examples of renal pathology.

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H Sterns
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Fluid Compartment

Water accounts for approximately half of an adult human’s body weight. Two thirds of body water is intracellular, and the remaining one third is contained in the extracellular fluid compartment, which includes intravascular (plasma) and interstitial fluid. Small amounts of water are also contained in bone, dense connective tissue, digestive secretions, and cerebrospinal fluid. To maintain the stability of the internal milieu, body fluids are processed by the kidney, guided by intricate physiologic control systems that regulate fluid volume and composition. This chapter reviews the regulation of body fluid volumes, cell volume regulation in hypotonicity and hypertonicity, disorders of water excess (hyponatremia), water deficiency (hypernatremia), water conservation (diabetes insipidus), saltwater excess (edematous states), and saltwater deficiency (volume depletion). Tables describe control of body fluid volumes, causes of nonhypotonic hyponatremia, causes and treatment of acute hyponatremia, causes of the syndrome of inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and causes of hypernatremia. Figures illustrate sodium reabsorption by the renal tubules, the relationship between plasma vasopressin levels, renal sodium handling, and dose-response curves for a loop diuretic in patients with normal and reduced renal function. This chapter contains 4 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, 88 references, and 5 MCQs.

The Physiological Regulation of Thirst and Fluid Intake

Physiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. McKinley ◽  
Alan Kim Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Lamina Terminalis ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Body Fluid Homeostasis ◽  
The Brain

Thirst is important for maintaining body fluid homeostasis and may arise from deficits in either intracellular or extracellular fluid volume. Neural signals arising from osmotic and hormonal influences on the lamina terminalis may be integrated within the brain, with afferent information relayed from intrathoracic baroreceptors via the hindbrain to generate thirst.

Cardiovascular system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Cardiac Cycle ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulation ◽  
System P ◽  
Body Fluid Homeostasis ◽  
Crystalloid Solutions

This chapter describes the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the control of blood pressure and heart rate, cardiac output, blood flow, cardiac cycle, ECG, pharmacological manipulation of the heart, shock, oxygen delivery and consumption, body fluid homeostasis, crystalloid solutions, colloidal solutions, and exudates and transudates. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

Urinary system

2011 ◽  
pp. 473-511
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
System P ◽  
Tubular Transport

Urinary tract morphology The kidney 474 The ureters 478 The bladder 480 Histology of the urinary tract 482 Renal function Glomerular filtration 486 Tubular transport 490 Dilute and concentrated urines 494 Regulation of tubule function 496 Diuretics 498 Regulation of body fluids Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity ...

Neuroendocrine Control of Body Fluid Metabolism

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ ANTUNES-RODRIGUES ◽  
MARGARET DE CASTRO ◽  
LUCILA L. K. ELIAS ◽  
MARCELO M. VALENÇA ◽  
SAMUEL M. McCANN
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Volume Overload ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Potent Inducer ◽  
Neuroendocrine Control ◽  
Fluid Homeostasis ◽  
Body Fluid Homeostasis

Antunes-Rodrigues, José, Margaret de Castro, Lucila L. K. Elias, Marcelo M. Valença, and Samuel M. McCann. Neuroendocrine Control of Body Fluid Metabolism. Physiol Rev 84: 169–208, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00017.2003.—Mammals control the volume and osmolality of their body fluids from stimuli that arise from both the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. These stimuli are sensed by two kinds of receptors: osmoreceptor-Na+receptors and volume or pressure receptors. This information is conveyed to specific areas of the central nervous system responsible for an integrated response, which depends on the integrity of the anteroventral region of the third ventricle, e.g., organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus, and subfornical organ. The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis by secreting vasopressin and oxytocin in response to osmotic and nonosmotic stimuli. Since the discovery of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a large number of publications have demonstrated that this peptide provides a potent defense mechanism against volume overload in mammals, including humans. ANP is mostly localized in the heart, but ANP and its receptor are also found in hypothalamic and brain stem areas involved in bodyfluid volume and blood pressure regulation. Blood volume expansion acts not only directly on the heart, by stretch of atrial myocytes to increase the release of ANP, but also on the brain ANPergic neurons through afferent inputs from baroreceptors. Angiotensin II also plays an important role in the regulation of body fluids, being a potent inducer of thirst and, in general, antagonizes the actions of ANP. This review emphasizes the role played by brain ANP and its interaction with neurohypophysial hormones in the control of body fluid homeostasis.

CONGENITAL PITRESSIN RESISTANT DIABETES INSIPIDUS OF RENAL ORIGIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-372
Author(s):  
William B. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Renal Clearances ◽  
Renal Function Tests ◽  
Renal Origin

1) The history of a male infant who presented soon after birth with features of failure to gain weight, dehydration and pyrexia of obscure origin, has been described. A diagnosis of pitressin resistant diabetes insipidus was made. 2) Renal function tests and post-mortem examination, including microdissection of the kidney, indicates that the basic defect in water metabolism was a functional inability of the distal renal tubules to respond to antidiuretic hormone. 3) Consequent dehydration was insufficient to cause circulatory collapse, but affected renal clearances. 4) There was evidence of increased catabolism and poor protein utilisation. 5) Hyperosmolarity of the extracellular fluid was accompanied by a rise in body temperature, probably due to a depression of sweat gland activity. 6) Post-mortem evidence suggests that infants with pitressin resistant diabetes insipidus should be investigated for cystine storage disease.

Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Leach ◽  
C. P. Alfrey ◽  
W. N. Suki ◽  
J. I. Leonard ◽  
P. C. Rambaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Capillary Membranes ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

The fluid and electrolyte regulation experiment with seven subjects was designed to describe body fluid, renal, and fluid regulatory hormone responses during the Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (9 days) and -2 (14 days) missions. Total body water did not change significantly. Plasma volume (PV; P < 0.05) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV; P < 0.10) decreased 21 h after launch, remaining below preflight levels until after landing. Fluid intake decreased during weightlessness, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased in the first 2 days and on day 8 (P < 0.05). Urinary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excretion increased (P < 0.05) and fluid excretion decreased early in flight (P < 0.10). Plasma renin activity (PRA; P < 0.10) and aldosterone (P < 0.05) decreased in the first few hours after launch; PRA increased 1 wk later (P < 0.05). During flight, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were consistently lower than preflight means, and urinary cortisol excretion was usually greater than preflight levels. Acceleration at launch and landing probably caused increases in ADH and cortisol excretion, and a shift of fluid from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment would account for reductions in ECFV. Increased permeability of capillary membranes may be the most important mechanism causing spaceflight-induced PV reduction, which is probably maintained by increased GFR and other mechanisms. If the Gauer-Henry reflex operates during spaceflight, it must be completed within the first 21 h of flight and be succeeded by establishment of a reduced PV set point.

scholarly journals Urinary Tract Anomalies in Children With Congenital Heart Disease Detected During the Procedure of Cardiac Catheterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çağla Çağlı ◽  
Sevcan Erdem ◽  
Bahriye Atmış ◽  
Aysun Karabay Bayazit ◽  
Fadli Demir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vesicoureteral Reflux ◽  
Cardiac Catheterization ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Renal Agenesis ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Obstructive Uropathy ◽  
Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽  
Congenital Heart Diseases ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Renal Ectopia

Objective: Congenital heart diseases in childhood are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The frequency of non-cardiac anomalies in children with congenital heart diseases is between 7-50%. Urinary system anomalies are an important risk factor in children with congenital heart diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence, types and frequency of urinary system anomalies detected during cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart diseases. Methods: The cineurography records of 6000 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization due to congenital heart diseases were retrospectively analyzed. Urinary system anomalies detected were examined as renal agenesis, renal ectopia, renal fusion, dysplastic kidney, obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, ureter anomaly and bladder anomaly. Patients were grouped as right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, left-to-right shunted hearth disease and, cyanotic or complex heart diseases. The groups were compared in terms of urinary system anomaly types. Results: Seventy-six patients (47 male and 29 female) with urinary system abnormalities were detected. Obstructive uropathy was found in 43 (56.5%) patients, renal agenesis was found in 14 (18.4%) patients, ureter anomaly was found in 14 (18.4%) patients, renal fusion was found in 3 (3.9%) patients, renal ectopia was found 1 (1.3%) patient, vesicoureteral reflux was found in 1 (1.3%) patient. There was no significant difference in term of the urinary system anomaly types among the groups (p>0.05) Conclusion: Urinary system anomalies may also be frequently accompanied in children with congenital heart diseases, so urinary system should also be evaluated during the cardiac catheterization procedure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document