Spectrums of conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-185
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samei Huda
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
Natural Boundaries ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Illness Condition

Psychiatric diagnostic constructs often have no zones of rarity between different diagnostic constructs, and they often co-occur. This happens even where clear disease processes are involved, such as the dementias. They may represent different areas of a spectrum of illness/condition and/or be part of a spectrum of illnesses/conditions. However, they share both these characteristics with many general medical diagnostic constructs. For spectrums of illness/condition this may be because there are no natural boundaries but that it is important or seems obvious to recognize different areas of the spectrum for reasons of clinical utility (such as different prognostic implications or treatments) or different clinical pictures. For spectrums of illnesses/conditions the reason for co-occurrence may be because different diagnostic constructs have similar causes/mechanisms. On the other hand, these problems of lack of boundaries are not present as commonly in general medical diagnostic constructs. Alternative mental health classifications do not have the same issues with co-occurrence. They may be more useful in research to discover reasons why co-occurrence of symptoms may occur but have pragmatic drawbacks for other classification functions.

Reliability of diagnosis

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-143
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samei Huda
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Psychological Formulation ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Improve Reliability ◽  
Research Studies

Reliability of a diagnosis can be measured as either agreement with a reference criterion or agreement between clinicians as to a diagnosis. Most psychiatric and some general medical diagnostic constructs are identified on the basis of a clinical picture, not using a reference criterion such as laboratory tests. Most psychiatric diagnostic constructs have moderate to substantial reliability in research studies. They are likely to be less reliable in clinical practice. Measures such as standardizing interviews can improve reliability. General medical diagnostic constructs have similar reliability to psychiatric diagnostic constructs in research studies and are also likely to be less reliable in clinical practice. Even with laboratory tests, some medical conditions are hard to distinguish due to similarities in their clinical pictures. For alternative mental health classifications, psychological formulation—except psychodynamic formulation—is less reliable than psychiatric diagnosis. Symptom-based classification has at least equal reliability to psychiatric diagnosis. Dimension-based classification has equivalent reliability to psychiatric diagnosis. These may be combined with diagnosis but may have less usefulness on their own for other functions, e.g. administrative.

Identifying the Types of Phobia: A Preliminary Investigation to Reduce Phobia through Gaming Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 892 ◽  
pp. 150-156
Author(s):  
Aslina Baharum ◽  
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain ◽  
Anita Mohd Yasin ◽  
Mohd Nor Hajar Hasrol Jono ◽  
Nor Azida Mohamed Noh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
To Receive

People fear something, as the feeling is normal for a person. Fear reactions are essential for survival. Fear will triggered whenever an individual facing something scary or even confronted with something new that seems potentially dangerous. Phobia on the other hand is an intense feeling of fear towards objects, animals, activities, situations or persons. However, many people do not know they suffered from phobia. Any fear during childhood might develop into phobias. People with phobias are most likely to avoid any place or situation that might trigger their fear so that they feel relief. They also keep their phobia to themselves and not telling other people about it. Besides, they are most likely refuse to go to receive treatment from psychiatrist or therapist. This is due to the norm of the society that seeing psychiatrist or therapist means that person suffering from mental health, which is embarrassing. This paper identified the types of phobia among Malaysian for preliminary investigation for reducing phobia through gaming approach. The quantitative method based on questionnaires, which contains of 18 questions used in the random online survey. The set of questions are adapted from Fear of Spiders Questionnaire. The higher the marks are the higher the state of phobia of the individuals will be. It is hope that by identifying the types of phobia may use to suggest an alternative gaming tool in reducing phobia.

Holiness and Healthymindedness

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon C. Grounds
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The Other ◽  
Church Community ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Two views of holiness and its bearing on mental health are discussed. On the one hand is the view of the person who sees Christian piety as a panacea for all mental and physical ills. Both sacred writ and secular sources are quoted in support of this contention. The therapeutic church community, group worship, scriptural interaction and prayer are all cited as means used to the end of mental health. On the other hand, examples of Christ as the “man of sorrows,” Peter as one acquainted with tears and Paul as a zealous, passionate missionary are given in support of the idea that Christianity does not guarantee healthymindedness by present psychological standards. It is concluded that what is accepted as mental health by present day psychology may not be congruent with true Christian experience. The idea that personality maladjustment is rooted in a warped, wrong God-relationship is also repudiated.

Criticism of psychiatric diagnosis

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samei Huda
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Medical Diagnostic

Criticisms of psychiatric diagnostic constructs from a clinical/scientific view have been made on several points: reliability, such as how often two clinicians agree on the same diagnosis; validity, such as clear separation between diagnostic constructs or presence of objective validators; utility, such as predicting outcomes and treatment responses; implying an inaccurate conception of mental health problems as diseases that also minimizes the influence of social causative factors, high rates of co-occurrence, and association with negative consequences such as stigma. Many psychiatric diagnostic constructs lack validity but often have clinical utility. This clinical utility depends on how the clinician works therefore psychiatric diagnostic constructs are well suited to the medical model but may have little utility for other mental health professionals who work differently or for researchers testing hypotheses. Diagnostic constructs have utility for administrative purposes. The criticisms can be used to generate a set of questions to evaluate psychiatric diagnostic constructs. Psychiatric diagnostic constructs are best compared with general medical diagnostic constructs because they are used for similar purposes in clinical decision-making. A comparison will be made to see if there is no overlap, some overlap, or near total overlap between general medical and psychiatric diagnostic constructs.

Leonhard's Classification of Schizophrenia

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (437) ◽  
pp. 943-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Fish
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Preparatory Work

Jaspers (1946) has pointed out that in the history of psychiatry one can distinguish two main types of psychiatrist. On the one hand there is the describer who depicts a lively clear clinical picture and communicates it to the reader in everyday speech. On the other hand there is the analyst who dissects the clinical picture and tries to obtain clear concepts about the abnormal phenomena. The describer is always popular because little effort is required to understand his views and appreciate his clinical descriptions. However it is much more difficult to understand the analyst as this requires time-consuming preparatory work and an attempt to apply the analyst's views in practice. Thus anyone who wishes to understand the views of Kleist and Leonhard, who are the modern representatives of the great clinical analyst Carl Wernicke, has a difficult task. If therefore this present communication appears to disagree with other work recently published by the author (Fish, 1957b, 1958) then all that can be said in extenuation is that the analysis of clinical pictures is difficult and one can only achieve accuracy in this field by learning from mistakes.

scholarly journals МОВА І МОВЛЕННЯ ЯК ЧИННИК АКУЛЬТУРАЦІЇ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
Inna Tarasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
International Students ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health It ◽  
Acculturation Strategies ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Is Integration

The abstract reveal the problem of acculturation by international students. There are four main types of acculturation strategies: assimilation, separation, marginalization and integration. We agree that the most successful is integration. It is well known, that the language and speech belong to the important part of the acculturation proses. The language skills can help or slack the acculturation of the international students to the new environment. That means that the langue skills make the adaptation easier and more comfortable and provide successful learning proses. On the other hand the acculturation can take much more time and affect their mental health. It is important for the universities to work out some acculturation programs in order to help and support their international students.

Scolding Therapists About Social Justice and Advocacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Kottler ◽  
Richard S. Balkin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Helping Professionals ◽  
Marginalized Populations ◽  
Other Hand

In Scolding Therapists About Social Justice and Advocacy, the authors address the daunting nature of advocacy for oppressed and marginalized populations. On one hand is the sanctimonious and self-righteous behavior of others who claim mental health professionals are not doing enough. On the other hand is the realities that true advocacy work is complicated, challenging, difficult, and often unplanned. Such efforts come about due to the nature of the work to which mental health professionals are engaged. However, there are innumerable benefits to engaging in altruistic, selfless, advocacy efforts, including contributions to client welfare, social justice, meaningfulness, and personal well-being. Advocacy efforts can change the lives of clients and helping professionals.

Subjective Well-Being and Resilience During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ahmet Metin ◽  
Ali Çetinkaya ◽  
Eyüp Sabır Erbiçer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Job Status ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has penetrated almost all countries and has affected people in many areas. The COVID-19 pandemic also has affected the mental health of the community. Aims: The purpose of this study is to investigate the individuals’ perceptions of subjective well-being (SWB) and resilience (R) during the pandemic. Method: A total of 643 people, 351 women and 292 men, who are not diagnosed with COVID-19, have voluntarily participated in the study. The data were collected online due to social restrictions. Also, their pre-pandemic SWB and R levels were evaluated based on their statements taken during the pandemic since the pandemic was not foreseen at this time. Results: A significant decrease was observed in participants’ SWB and R levels during the pandemic. Besides, significant differences were observed in R levels according to gender and age; on the other hand, no difference was observed according to the participants’ residence type, city type, education level, and job status. Regarding SWB level, significant differences were observed according to gender, age, and job status; no difference was observed according to residence type, city type, and education level. Limitations: Participants’ subjective well-being and resilience data could not be collected before the pandemic due to the unpredictable and fast spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. When individuals compare the current pandemic period with their past (before the pandemic), they may perceive their resilience and subjective well-being levels as decreased. Conclusion: The pandemic affects the subjective well-being and resilience of individuals negatively.

scholarly journals The Influence of Perfectionism Personality Towards Dyadic Coping within Marriage

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Siti Nurraihan Firdaus Binti Abdul Razak ◽  
Suzana Mohd Hoesni ◽  
Rozmi Ismail ◽  
Ezarina Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Dyadic Coping ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Conceptual Paper

Divorce and the collapse of marital institutions are global issues which draws attention from many parties. As a result of the existence of quality family being a catalyst in the development of society, emphasis should be made to aspects of coping among married couples, especially during handling arising stress. Results show that research relating to dyadic coping within marriage has gradually gained attention from researchers. Many previous research indicate that personality has been a contributing factor in determining the actions taken by an individual. However, previous research has focused more on the five big traits compared to other types of personality such as perfectionism. Previous research has proved the existence of relationship between perfectionism personality with other aspects of life especially mental health and marital satisfaction. On the other hand, how much perfectionism personality influence dyadic coping within marriage still remains a question. Hence, this conceptual paper will discuss on the potential of perfectionism personality influence dyadic coping based on previous research. Eventually, implication and the importance of this study will also be discussed in the effort to encourage married couples to apply effective coping while retaining a harmonious marriage.

INFANTILE AMAUROTIC FAMILY IDIOCY AND GARGOYLISM IN SIBLINGS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-663
Author(s):  
Maria Salam ◽  
Hassan Idriss
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
The Brain

Typical cases of infantile amaurotic family idiocy and gargoylism occurring in two siblings are presented. Biopsies of the brain were done in both patients and showed many similarities in their histochemical findings. The occurrence of A.F.I. and gargoylism in the same family may be due to a genetic coincidence. On the other hand, the possibility of these two conditions presenting the same basic metabolic disorder with different clinical pictures is raised.

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