Diabetes Ameliorating Effect of Mushrooms and ameliorating diabetes

The growing impact of type 2 diabetes in the majority of the population requires the introduction of better and more secure treatments, but also requires the development of new prevention strategies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of the disease. Significantly, type 2 diabetes is an important preventable disease and can be prevented or delayed by lifestyle intervention. Edible and medicinal macrofungi, mushrooms have been reported having diabetes ameliorating effects. Current study reviews the potentiality of both edible and medicinal mushrooms in preventing and ameliorating the diabetic complications as well as the future aspects of mushrooms against this metabolic disorder.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which is at present rapidly growing to an alarming epidemic level. Various pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes mellitus. This spectrums from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells with consequent deficiency of insulin to abnormalities that lead to resistance to the action of insulin. In the 21st century, the astounding rise in obesity, poor diet, and inactive lifestyles have increased the prevalence dramatically. Although several therapies are in use, Western medications are associated with adverse drug reactions and high cost of treatment. Therefore, there is currently a growing interest in herbal medicines to replace or supplement the Western medications. Extensive research is essential to enhance diagnoses, treatment, and to lessen healthcare expenditures. This chapter provides an overview of the classification, diagnosis, symptoms, complications, and economic burden of diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the authors discuss the current and upcoming therapies to treat this metabolic disorder.

Hypomagnesemia in beef cattle from the central region of Argentina: retrospective study

ABSTRACT: Hypomagnesaemia (grass tetany) is a metabolic disorder of ruminants due to a reduced dietary intake of magnesium (primary deficiency), incorrect digestibility or associated metabolic factors reducing Mg intake (secondary deficiency). Grass tetany is a production disease responsible for important economic losses in beef herds from Argentina. Several factors influence the development of grass tetany in cattle, including physiological status, weather, soil and forage. This research described a retrospective analysis over the past 20 years, revising the cases of beef cattle clinical hypomagnesaemia registered at the Veterinary Diagnostic Service in INTA Balcarce, Argentina.

A rare presentation of a rare metabolic disorder – Multiple Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency presenting as rhabdomyolysis and renal failure

Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is a rare metabolic disorder of oxidation of amino acids and fatty acids with an autosomal recessive inheritance. Patients usually present symptoms of MADD in the neonatal period, though it can also be diagnosed in the late adulthood. We present a 36-year-old male with MADD who had sensory axonal neuropathy, rhabdomyolysis metabolic acidosis, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia and low ketone bodies and renal failure. Early diagnosis and prompt management with carnitine and riboflavin supplements can help in better management of this rare metabolic disorder.

Molecular dynamics in COPD following diets and environmental stressor: Obesity leverage of health care utilize Omics

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represented as inflammatory complication of chronic bronchitis which is characterized by oxidative stress driven phenotypic changes likely enlarged alveoli and increased mucus along with tightened smooth muscle which exaggerate pathological consequences such as breathing problems. The association between COPD and obesity as a metabolic disorder following a variety of environmental stressors include lifestyle change (e.g., diet and e-smoking or marijuana) and air pollution are less likely to be evaluated. People who are suffering with COPD developed extensive suffocation and difficulty breathing, which ultimately leads to fatal conditions in severe cases, for example lung cancer, heart attack, and stroke. Previous studies showed metabolic disorder like obesity appeared as a risk determinant to COPD like breathing problem or deep vein thrombosis and its genetic modification resulted from abnormality of molecular dynamics turned out key trigger in case of immune alteration and inflammation following exposure of several environmental factors which could be linked with comorbidity in secondary chronic diseases pairing with other metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, cancer or fatty liver disease). Lifestyle changes along with physical activities and management of the diet is worth to reduce COPD symptomatic firing. However, environmental factors like air pollution or particle matter owing to industrialization and urbanization include a variety of dust within indoor life, certain type of e-smoke also triggers the establishment of emphysema and enhances the progression of COPD aligned with molecular alteration in the lung tissue or interaction between different organs. Prediction and prevention skills as key tools of health management and evaluation in case of COPD remains unclear. Integrative care includes clinic assessment (e.g., the body mass index, diets, and metabolic profile using survey following physician guidance) could be coupled cellular and topological interaction between obesity and COPD supplemented with advanced functional and genetic variation utilize human genomics study like single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). To understand the impact of environmental risk better (e.g., air pollution or particle matter) on pathogenesis of disease or onset of the disease underlying the pulmonary system stratified lifestyle, age, metabolic disorders, diets, and medications, we envision exploring risks such as disease barrier and social determinants along with detection tools which may assess molecular dynamics and their alteration following stress might be associated with COPD in the pathogenesis. Environmental stressors (e.g., air pollution, particle matter, food addictive chemicals, and stress) as epigenetic modifiers could attribute to early phase of COPD onset and pathogenesis which reflect the molecular dynamics and redirection of networking pathways depending on gut immunity. Profiling of secondary metabolites is worth to explicate intervention of metabolism cascade owing to alter molecular sensitivity and connectivity. Utilized multi-dimensional omics such as metabolomics, genomics with exome sequencing, and epigenomics, prevention and prediction skills could visualize a new angle of disease diagnostic under the platform of integrative health care and surveillance supporting to patient’s quality of life.

Diagnosis and Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Adult Patients in the Emergency Department

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) constitute an important group of conditions characterized by an altered metabolic pathway. There are numerous guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IEMs in the pediatric population but not for adults. Given the increasing frequency of this group of conditions in adulthood, other clinicians in addition to pediatricians should be aware of them and learn to identify their characteristic manifestations. Early recognition and implementation of an appropriate therapeutic approach would improve the clinical outcome of many of these patients. This review presents when and how to investigate a metabolic disorder with the aim of encouraging physicians not to overlook a treatable disorder.

Phenazines Modulate Gastrointestinal Metabolism and Microbiota

Background: Natural and synthetic phenazines are ubiquitously occurred in environment and have been used for various therapeutic purposes in human, animals and agriculture, and the widespread use makes residue problem in environment and foods increasingly serious. However, the metabolic and comprehensive impacts of phenazines on the digestive tract are poorly understood, particularly the microbial pyocyanin (PYO), the most representative phenazines produced by Pseudomonas . Here, we utilized PYO as the representative of phenazines to study the effects on digestive tract. Results: Metabolic kinetic analysis showed that PYO exhibited low oral bioavailability in both rats and swine model, revealing a restriction of PYO in gut and might cause impacts on digestive tract. PYO was subsequently found to induce intestinal barrier destruction including inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in duodenum. Microbiome analysis showed that PYO caused gut microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing the symbiotic bacteria and increasing the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, the integral and dysfunctional assessment of liver demonstrated that PYO induced liver inflammation and metabolic disorder. Metabolism analysis further confirmed that PYO could be metabolized by both gut microbiota and liver, and all metabolites retained the nitrogen-containing tricyclic structural skeleton of phenazines, which was the core bioactivity of phenazine compounds, indicating all the outcomes were due to the intrinsic characteristic of phenazine structure. Conclusions: PYO were low oral bioavailable and all the metabolites retained the nitrogen-containing tricyclic structural skeleton, final resulting in the damages to digestive tract including intestinal barrier destruction, gut microbiota dysbiosis, liver damages and metabolic disorder. These findings elucidated the effect of phenazines on digestive tract in vivo and shed light on the rational design of phenazines for the development and application of such compounds in future.