Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin C. Beh ◽  
Elliot M. Frohman ◽  
Teresa Frohman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Ophthalmic Manifestations ◽  
Trial Outcomes ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
Visual Electrophysiology ◽  
Saccadic Intrusions ◽  
Made In

The inflammatory, demyelinating plaques that characterize multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently affect the visual pathways. Lesions of the afferent visual pathway (most commonly optic neuritis) result in problems conveying visual stimuli from the retina to the visual cortices. Lesions affecting the efferent visual system result in ocular dysmotility that impairs visual acuity by disrupting the precision of binocular eye movements or by causing excessive eye movements that prevent adequate foveation (e.g. nystagmus, saccadic intrusions). Significant advancements have been made in the techniques used to interrogate both the structural and the functional integrity of the visual system to dissect the pathobiological underpinnings of multiple sclerosis and to design better biomarkers and clinical trial outcomes. This chapter discusses the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of multiple sclerosis, revolutionary advancements in optical coherence tomography and visual electrophysiology, and therapies for treating visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

Diagnosis of Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions

2015 ◽  
pp. 657-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. John Leigh ◽  
David S. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Video Cases ◽  
Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome ◽  
Spasmus Nutans ◽  
Pendular Nystagmus ◽  
Saccadic Intrusions ◽  
Torsional Nystagmus ◽  
Rebound Nystagmus

This chapter reviews the approach to the patient with nystagmus or saccadic intrusions and their clinical features (with illustrative video cases), etiology, pathophysiology, and management. Nystagmus caused by peripheral vestibular disorders; downbeat, upbeat, and torsional nystagmus; periodic alternating nystagmus, seesaw and hemi-seesaw nystagmus; gaze-evoked nystagmus; Bruns nystagmus; centripetal and rebound nystagmus; nystagmus occurring in association with disease of the visual system; acquired pendular nystagmus with multiple sclerosis; oculopalatal tremor; convergence-retraction nystagmus; infantile nystagmus syndrome; fusional maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome and latent nystagmus; spasmus nutans syndrome; and lid nystagmus are discussed. Saccadic intrusions and oscillations and the clinical features, etiology, pathophysiology, and management of square-wave jerks, macrosaccadic oscillations, saccadic pulses, ocular flutter, opsoclonus, and voluntary saccadic oscillations are summarized. Treatments for nystagmus and saccadic intrusions are summarized, including pharmacological treatments, optical treatments, procedures to weaken the extraocular muscles (e.g., Kestenbaum-Anderson procedure), and measures such as biofeedback and vibration.

Curvature Detectors in Human Vision?

Perception ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Blakemore ◽  
R Over
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Steady Fixation ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Made In

Observers were required to judge apparent straightness following exposure to curved lines. A curvature aftereffect was found when subjects had maintained steady fixation or made continuous eye movements at right angles to the chord of the arc during inspection, but no aftereffect was obtained when eye movements had been made in the direction of the chord. It is proposed that curved contours are processed in the visual system by reference to the orientation of local straight line approximations within an arc, rather than through global analysis of the extent and direction of curvature. The loss in aftereffect with eye movements in the direction of the chord is attributed to nonselective adaptation of orientation detectors.

scholarly journals Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Wolf ◽  
Markus Lappe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Foveal Vision ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
High Level

AbstractHumans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets’ luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets’ relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.

scholarly journals Structure-function relationships in the visual system in multiple sclerosis: an MEG and OCT study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 614-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prejaas Tewarie ◽  
Lisanne J. Balk ◽  
Arjan Hillebrand ◽  
Martijn D. Steenwijk ◽  
Bernard M. J. Uitdehaag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Structure Function

scholarly journals Selection of visual information for lightness judgements by eye movements

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1628) ◽  
pp. 20130056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Toscani ◽  
Matteo Valsecchi ◽  
Karl R. Gegenfurtner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Target Layer ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Selection Of

When judging the lightness of objects, the visual system has to take into account many factors such as shading, scene geometry, occlusions or transparency. The problem then is to estimate global lightness based on a number of local samples that differ in luminance. Here, we show that eye fixations play a prominent role in this selection process. We explored a special case of transparency for which the visual system separates surface reflectance from interfering conditions to generate a layered image representation. Eye movements were recorded while the observers matched the lightness of the layered stimulus. We found that observers did focus their fixations on the target layer, and this sampling strategy affected their lightness perception. The effect of image segmentation on perceived lightness was highly correlated with the fixation strategy and was strongly affected when we manipulated it using a gaze-contingent display. Finally, we disrupted the segmentation process showing that it causally drives the selection strategy. Selection through eye fixations can so serve as a simple heuristic to estimate the target reflectance.

At the heart of primary progressive multiple sclerosis: three cases with diffuse MRI abnormalities only

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
JNP Zwemmer ◽  
JCJ Bot ◽  
B. Jelles ◽  
F. Barkhof ◽  
CH Polman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Primary Progressive ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Made In

We present three patients with a clinical course and cerebrospinal fluid findings consistent with a diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). Extensive and repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations showed only diffuse abnormality in brain and spinal cord, but no focal lesions. We propose that these cases represent the most pure form of PPMS, even though according to currently applied criteria this diagnosis can not be made in the absence of focal lesions on MRI. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 428—430. http://msj.sagepub.com

Multiple sclerosis: Cognition and saccadic eye movements

2009 ◽  
Vol 277 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Fielding ◽  
Trevor Kilpatrick ◽  
Lynette Millist ◽  
Owen White
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements

Saccadic Dyskinesia, Other Involuntary Eye Movements, and Gaze Deviations

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Wong
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽  
Cerebellar Diseases ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Small Saccade

■ A small saccade of 0.5–3° that takes the eye away from fixation, followed by a saccade that returns the eye back to fixation after about 200 msec (i.e., presence of intersaccadic interval during which visual feedback occurs) ■ So named because of its appearance in eye movement tracings ■ Normal subjects often have square wave jerks (SWJ), but the rate is only 4–6 per minute. ■ Pathologic SWJ occurs at a rate of >15 per minute. ■ Cerebellar diseases Square wave jerks result from damage of projections from the frontal eye field, rostral pole of the superior colliculus, and the central mesencephalic reticular formation to the omnipause cells in the pons. If symptomatic, SWJ may be treated with methylphenidate, diazepam, phenobarbital, or amphetamines. ■ Burst of saccades with defective steps of innervation (i.e., stepless saccades) ■ Conjugate or monocular Saccadic pulses are associated with multiple sclerosis. Saccadic pulses result from damage of omnipause cells or the neural integrator.

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