Diarrhea and Malabsorption

2014 ◽  
pp. 719-733
Author(s):  
Molly L. Perencevich ◽  
Robert S. Burakoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Normal Form ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Persistent Diarrhea ◽  
Stool Weight ◽  
General Management ◽  
Definition Of

The objective definition of diarrhea is stool weight 〉200 g per day. The more common subjective definition is frequency of defecation that is greater than or equal to three stools per day combined with less-than-normal form and consistency. Diarrhea is also defined by duration. Acute diarrhea is defined as 〈2 weeks in duration, persistent diarrhea between 2 and 4 weeks, and chronic diarrhea more than 4 weeks in duration. In the United States most cases of acute diarrhea are due to infections and are self-limited. Noninfectious etiologies are more common in chronic diarrhea. The evaluation and general management of acute and chronic diarrhea are discussed in this chapter.

Populism and Liberal Democracy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takis S. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
The People ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Definition Of

Based on an original definition of modern populism as “democratic illiberalism” and many years of meticulous research, Takis Pappas marshals extraordinary empirical evidence from Argentina, Greece, Peru, Italy, Venezuela, Ecuador, Hungary, the United States, Spain, and Brazil to develop a comprehensive theory about populism. He addresses all key issues in the debate about populism and answers significant questions of great relevance for today’s liberal democracy, including: • What is modern populism and how can it be differentiated from comparable phenomena like nativism and autocracy? • Where in Latin America has populism become most successful? Where in Europe did it emerge first? Why did its rise to power in the United States come so late? • Is Trump a populist and, if so, could he be compared best with Venezuela’s Chávez, France’s Le Pens, or Turkey’s Erdoğan? • Why has populism thrived in post-authoritarian Greece but not in Spain? And why in Argentina and not in Brazil? • Can populism ever succeed without a charismatic leader? If not, what does leadership tell us about how to challenge populism? • Who are “the people” who vote for populist parties, how are these “made” into a group, and what is in their minds? • Is there a “populist blueprint” that all populists use when in power? And what are the long-term consequences of populist rule? • What does the expansion, and possibly solidification, of populism mean for the very nature and future of contemporary democracy? Populism and Liberal Democracy will change the ways the reader understands populism and imagines the prospects of liberal democracy.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Land Values in the Presence of Suburban Sprawl

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Lindsay ◽  
Cleve E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Suburban Sprawl ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Definition Of

The spread of suburbs into previously rural areas has become commonplace in the United States. A rather striking aspect of this phenomenon has been the discontinuity which results. This aspect is often manifest in a haphazard mixture of unused and densely settled areas which has been described as “sprawl”. A more useful definition of suburban sprawl, its causes, and its consequences, is provided below in order to introduce the econometric objectives of this paper.

International Law and Administrative Insulation: A Comparison of Refugee Status Determination Regimes in the United States, Canada, and Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (04) ◽  
pp. 933-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Definition Of

International law provides nations with a common definition of a refugee, yet the processes by which countries determine who should be granted refugee status look strikingly different, even across nations with many institutional, cultural, geographical, and political similarities. This article compares the refugee status determination regimes of three popular asylum seeker destinations—the United States, Canada, and Australia. Despite these nations' similar border control policies, asylum seekers crossing their borders access three very different systems. These differences have less to do with political debates over admission and border control policy than with the level of insulation the administrative decision-making agency enjoys from political interference and judicial review. Bureaucratic justice is conceptualized and organized differently in different states, and so states vary in how they draw the line between refugee and nonrefugee.

Mahjong

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelise Heinz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jewish American ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Women's Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Heritage ◽  
Cultural Origins ◽  
Definition Of

Mahjong: A Chinese Game and the Making of Modern American Culture illustrates how the spaces between tiles and the moments between games have fostered distinct social cultures in the United States. When this mass-produced game crossed the Pacific it created waves of popularity over the twentieth century. Mahjong narrates the history of this game to show how it has created a variety of meanings, among them American modernity, Chinese American heritage, and Jewish American women’s culture. As it traveled from China to the United States and caught on with Hollywood starlets, high society, middle-class housewives, and immigrants alike, mahjong became a quintessentially American pastime. This book also reveals the ways in which women leveraged a game for a variety of economic and cultural purposes, including entrepreneurship, self-expression, philanthropy, and ethnic community building. One result was the forging of friendships within mahjong groups that lasted decades. This study unfolds in two parts. The first half is focused on mahjong’s history as related to consumerism, with a close examination of its economic and cultural origins. The second half explores how mahjong interwove with the experiences of racial inclusion and exclusion in the evolving definition of what it means to be American. Mahjong players, promoters, entrepreneurs, and critics tell a broad story of American modernity. The apparent contradictions of the game—as both American and foreign, modern and supposedly ancient, domestic and disruptive of domesticity—reveal the tensions that lie at the heart of modern American culture.

Styles of Leadership Training

G/C/T ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Harry Passow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gifted And Talented ◽  
Leadership Training ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gifted Child ◽  
Child Education ◽  
Definition Of

The United States Office of Education includes leadership in its comprehensive definition of giftedness. In this address, Dr. Passow discusses the concept of leadership in general and then shares with the reader his ideas on the specifics of developing leaders in the area of gifted child education. Originally presented at the Office of Gifted and Talented (U.S.O.E.) sponsored Institute on Leadership Training and the Gifted, Chicago, Illinois, June 3, 1978, Styles of Leadership Training is reproduced here for G/C/T's readers.

Archives, Repatriation, and the Challenges Ahead

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-160
Author(s):  
Anthony Seeger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
Digital Recording ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Audiovisual Archives ◽  
Definition Of

For decades, ethnomusicologists, folklorists, anthropologists, and a variety of cultural institutions such as audiovisual archives and museums have been returning parts of their collections to the communities from which they were originally obtained. Starting with a definition of repatriation, this chapter describes some of the attributes of successful repatriation projects. They usually require a highly motivated individual or group within the community, an intermediary to help locate and obtain the recordings, and a funding agency for the effective return of the music to circulation within the community. Different kinds of repatriation are described using examples from the author’s research in Brazil and projects in Australia, India, and the United States. Projects to return music to local circulation have been greatly facilitated by changes in communications technologies and digital recording, and by profound changes in research ethics and the relations between researchers and documentarians and the communities in which they work. Despite these improvements, challenges remain.

Biden’s China Policy: Old Wine in New Bottles?

China Report ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 000944552110470
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Alliance System ◽  
Power Position

The Biden Administration has accepted the Trump Administration’s definition of China as a ‘strategic competitor’, and has retained Trump’s tariffs, the ‘Quad’, and the upgrade in Taiwan’s protocol status. But Biden’s China policy is different from Trump’s in being truly strategic. The key elements of that strategy are focused on improving the United States’ competitiveness domestically and in international affairs; cooperation with allies and partners; an emphasis on human rights; partial decoupling of economic and technology relationships; and a search for some areas of cooperation with China. Success for the Biden strategy would consist neither of bottling up China in its current global power position nor in achieving a negotiated condominium in Asia. The Biden Administration would succeed if the United States can maintain its alliance system, keep a robust military presence in East Asia and prevent the forcible integration of Taiwan into China while avoiding major war. Several features of the China challenge make it reasonable to hope that such success is possible.

Assessing Local “Diversity”: A Nationally Representative Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 232949652110216
Author(s):  
Neeraj Rajasekar ◽  
Evan Stewart ◽  
Joseph Gerteis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Ideology ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Diversity Discourse

The meanings and definition of “diversity” can change across different applications and contexts, but many such meanings have implications for racial difference and racial ideology in the United States. We provide a nationally representative analysis of how everyday Americans assess “diversity” in their own communities. We test how county-level racial, religious, economic, and political heterogeneity predict the view that one lives in a highly diverse locale; we also test how individual-level factors predict such a view. Among the four indicators of local difference, racial difference is most strongly and consistently associated with Americans’ assessments of local diversity. Individual-level factors do not weaken this relationship; rather, local context and individual-level factors conjointly predict assessments of local diversity. Despite the flexible, hyperinclusive nature of diversity discourse, local racial difference is salient in Americans’ assessments of “diversity” in their communities, and this pattern is not simply a product of individual-level factors. Our findings illustrate another dimension of the flexible-yet-racialized nature of diversity discourse in the United States. We also show that Americans are particularly aware of racial difference in their locale, which has implications for social and ideological responses to changing communities and a changing nation.

Treatment of Infants with Acute Diarrhea: What's Recommended and What's Practiced

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Bezerra ◽  
Theodore H. Stathos ◽  
Burris Duncan ◽  
John A. Gaines ◽  
John N. Udall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Family Practitioner ◽  
Family Practitioners ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Strength Formula

In 1985, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a policy statement on the treatment of infants with acute diarrhea complicated by mild to moderate d ehydration. To determine how closely physicians in the United States follow the AAP's treatment guidelines, a questionnaire was sent to 457 pediatricians and 360 family practitioners. The questionnaire presented a hypothetical infant with acute diarrhea complicated by mild to moderate dehydration and included questions regarding the number of such patients seen yearly, length of time used to rehydrate the infant, and how formula or solids are introduced following rehydration. Complete responses were received from 53% of pediatricians and 40% of family practitioners. The number of patients with acute diarrhea seen per year did not affect physician's treatment. Pediatricians and family practitioners responded similarly to most questions. Contrary to the AAP's guidelines to rehydrate in 4 to 6 hours, 62% of responding physicians extend the rehydration period to 12 to 24 hours. Also contrary to the AAP's recommendations, 62% of pediatricians and family practitioners use a lactose-free formula. The majority of responding physicians do follow the AAP's treatment guidelines to initiate feedings with diluted formula. Significantly more pediatricians than family practitioner advance to a full-strength formula within 1 day (P = .011). Fewer than 50% of physicians polled started solids within 24 hours as suggested by the AAP. Overall, the findings suggest that very few pediatricians and family practitioners follow all aspects of the AAP's treatment guidelines for infants with acute diarrhea complicated by mild to moderate dehydration.

Epilogue

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Alice Watt ◽  
David Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
General Management ◽  
Point Reyes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
General Management Plan ◽  
Ranch Management

This epilogue tracks the more recent developments in the land use versus land preservation debate, including further controversies surrounding Point Reyes. A new lawsuit was filed against the NPS in Point Reyes, with demands that the ongoing ranch management planning process be suspended until the thirty-six-year-old PRNS General Management Plan can finally be updated with studies of the environmental impacts of grazing. Elsewhere in the United States, the chapter covers the aftermath of an armed standoff at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. However, the chapter goes on to outline more hopeful changes across the country, such as the fact that more and more people are beginning to compromise on “what a park is for.”

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