Knee injuries

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Colaco ◽  
Fares Haddad ◽  
Cathy Speed
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Patellofemoral Joint ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Tibiofemoral Joint ◽  
Hinge Joint ◽  
Complex Combination ◽  
Hyaline Articular Cartilage ◽  
Three Components

The knee is a synovial hinge joint which achieves a range of movement of 0°–150° flexion with a complex combination of sliding, gliding, and rolling movements. The three components involved are the medial and lateral compartments of the tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint. The joint is lined with hyaline articular cartilage and stability is primarily provided by the joint capsule, menisci, ligaments, and muscles....

scholarly journals Biomechanical characteristics of tibio-femoral joint after partial medial meniscectomy in different flexion angles: a finite element analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Shuo Yuan ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Bagen Liao ◽  
De Liang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Lateral Meniscus ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Joint Stress ◽  
Tibiofemoral Joint

Abstract Background Recent studies have pointed out that arthroscopy, the commonly-used surgical procedure for meniscal tears, may lead to an elevated risk of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The biomechanical factors of KOA can be clarified by the biomechanical analysis after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). This study aimed to elucidate the cartilage stress and meniscus displacement of the tibiofemoral joint under flexion and rotation loads after APM. Methods A detailed finite element model of the knee bone, cartilage, meniscus, and major ligaments was established by combining computed tomography and magnetic resonance images. Vertical load and front load were applied to simulate different knee buckling angles. At the same time, by simulating flexion of different degrees and internal and external rotations, the stresses on tibiofemoral articular cartilage and meniscus displacement were evaluated. Results Generally, the contact stress on both the femoral tibial articular cartilage and the meniscus increased with the increased flexion degree. Moreover, the maximum stress on the tibial plateau gradually moved backward. The maximum position shift value of the lateral meniscus was larger than that of the medial meniscus. Conclusion Our finite element model provides a realistic three-dimensional model to evaluate the influence of different joint range of motion and rotating tibiofemoral joint stress distribution. The decreased displacement of the medial meniscus may explain the higher pressure on the knee components. These characteristics of the medial tibiofemoral joint indicate the potential biomechanical risk of knee degeneration.

scholarly journals Early patellofemoral articular cartilage degeneration in a rat model of patellar instability is associated with activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Lin ◽  
Huijun Kang ◽  
Yike Dai ◽  
Yingzhen Niu ◽  
Guangmin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Patellofemoral Joint ◽  
Patellar Instability ◽  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
And Control ◽  
Articular Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
And Cartilage

Abstract Background Patellar instability (PI) often increases the possibility of lateral patellar dislocation and early osteoarthritis. The molecular mechanism of early articular cartilage degeneration during patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) still requires further investigation. However, it is known that the NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in articular cartilage degeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NF-κB signaling pathway and patellofemoral joint cartilage degeneration. Methods We established a rat model of PI-induced PFOA. Female 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 120) were randomly divided into two groups: the PI (n = 60) and control group (n = 60). The distal femurs of the PI and control group were isolated and compared 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. The morphological structure of the trochlear cartilage and subchondral bone were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology. The expression of NF-κB, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, collagen X, and TNF-ɑ were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In the PI group, subchondral bone loss and cartilage degeneration were found 4 weeks after surgery. Compared with the control group, the protein and mRNA expression of NF-κB and TNF-ɑ were significantly increased 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery in the PI group. In addition, the markers of cartilage degeneration MMP-13 and collagen X were more highly expressed in the PI group compared with the control group at different time points after surgery. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that early patellofemoral joint cartilage degeneration can be caused by PI in growing rats, accompanied by significant subchondral bone loss and cartilage degeneration. In addition, the degeneration of articular cartilage may be associated with the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and can deteriorate with time as a result of PI.

Metabolic and biochemical abnormalities of articular cartilage induced by implantation of a sterile sheet of polyethylene in the rabbit patellofemoral joint

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Front ◽  
Fernando Garcia ◽  
Veronique Guillermet ◽  
Nicole Darmon ◽  
Gladys Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Patellofemoral Joint ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Meniscus and Synovial Membrane: An Electronmicroscopic Study on Rabbits

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Hu ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
R.T. Zuo ◽  
K.L. Wang ◽  
L. Qin
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Synovial Membrane ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Cartilage Surface ◽  
Articular Cartilage Surface ◽  
Scanning Electronmicroscopy ◽  
Transmission Electronmicroscopy

Seven healthy mature rabbits were used to study both the surface morphology of the meniscus using both transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and articular cartilage of the femoral condyle using SEM. Results showed that the membrane covering the meniscus was structurally the extension of synovial membrane of the knee joint capsule. Additionally, the presence of canal-like openings over the membranous surface to the meniscus was noted, which were absent over the articular cartilage surface. Key words: transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy, meniscus, articular cartilage, rabbits

THE USE OF ENTIRE FRESH PATELLAR ALLOGRAFT FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REPLACEMENT IN RABBITS: A LONG-TERM INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY

1999 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thay Q Lee ◽  
Todd A. Shrader ◽  
Yi-Peng Wang ◽  
Francis E. Glaser ◽  
William C. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Patellofemoral Joint ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Aggregate Modulus ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Excellent Preservation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Continuum

Fresh patellar allograft without violating the continuum of the articular cartilage was evaluated in rabbits. Twenty-four skeletally immature New Zealand White rabbits underwent resurfacing of the patella with fresh allografts and 92% (22/24) of the allografts survived. These specimens were analyzed to assess the geometric parameters of the patellofemoral joint anatomy as well as the biomechanical and histological properties of the patellar articular cartilage at 12 (n=8), 26 (n=7) and 52 weeks (n=7) postoperatively. Despite incomplete restoration of the patellofemoral joint geometry, both the biomechanical and histologic results showed excellent preservation of the articular cartilage at 26 and 52 weeks. From the biomechanical testing, the aggregate modulus (Ha) and the permeability (k) of the transplanted cartilage for the 26- and 52-week groups showed no difference between the experimentals and the controls. For the 26-week group, the aggregate modulus was 0.70±0.07 MPa and 0.72±0.19 MPa for the experimental and control, respectively (p>0.5) and the permeability was (0.97±0.13)×10-15 m4/N-s and (1.17±0.33)×10-15 m4/N-s for the experimental and control, respectively (p>0.5). For the 52-week group, the aggregate modulus was 0.93±0.14 MPa and 1.03±0.06 MPa for the experimental and control, respectively (p>0.5) and the permeability was 2.32±0.57)×10-15 m4/N-s and 2.12±0.85)×10-15 m4/N-s for the experimental and control, respectively (p>0.5). This study clearly demonstrates the long-term viability of articular cartilage in entire osteochondral patellar allograft in rabbits.

scholarly journals ROM mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1879) ◽  
pp. 20180727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armita R. Manafzadeh ◽  
Kevin Padian
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Joint Mobility ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Common Quail

Studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. However, joint mobility must be considered in three dimensions simultaneously, and applications of mobility data to extinct taxa require both a phylogenetically informed reconstruction of articular morphology and justifications for why specific structures' effects on mobility are inferred to be similar. We manipulated cadaveric hip joints of common quail and recorded biplanar fluoroscopic videos to measure a ‘ligamentous’ range of motion (ROM), which was then compared to an ‘osteological’ ROM on a ROM map. Nearly 95% of the joint poses predicted to be possible at the hip based on osteological manipulation were rendered impossible by ligamentous constraints. Because the hip joint capsule reliably includes a ventral ligamentous thickening in extant diapsids, the hip abduction of extinct ornithodirans with an offset femoral head and thin articular cartilage was probably similarly constrained by ligaments as that of birds. Consequently, in the absence of extraordinary evidence to the contrary, our analysis casts doubt on the ‘batlike’ hip pose traditionally inferred for pterosaurs and basal maniraptorans, and underscores that reconstructions of joint mobility based on manipulations of bones alone can be misleading.

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