scholarly journals Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system

Oncotarget ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (69) ◽  
pp. 114393-114413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Lannes ◽  
Elisabeth Eppler ◽  
Samar Etemad ◽  
Peter Yotovski ◽  
Luis Filgueira
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Center Stage ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Maternal physiology

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
Korede Adekanye ◽  
Abrie Theron
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Time Periods

During pregnancy, maternal anatomy and physiology changes significantly. It is important to be aware of what is considered ‘normal’ for pregnancy, in order to promptly recognize and treat medical conditions that may subsequently develop in the antenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal time periods. This chapter sets out the anatomical and physiological changes according to each system: starting with a comprehensive review of the cardiovascular and respiratory changes, which have the most significant adaptations, through the renal, gastro-intestinal, haematological, and endocrine changes, and ending with the central nervous system. Altered anatomy and physiology will affect the conduct of general and regional anaesthesia. The difficulties associated with the obstetric airway, maternal oxygenation, and positioning during anaesthesia are clearly described.

Stress and tension-type headache mechanisms

Cephalalgia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Cathcart ◽  
Anthony H Winefield ◽  
Kurt Lushington ◽  
Paul Rolan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Central Pain ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Type Headache ◽  
The Relationship

Stress is widely demonstrated as a contributing factor in tension-type headache (TTH). The mechanisms underlying this remain unclear at present. Recent research indicates the importance of central pain processes in tension-type headache (TTH) pathophysiology. Concurrently, research with animals and healthy humans has begun to elucidate the relationship between stress and pain processing in the central nervous system, including central pain processes putatively dysfunctional in TTH. Combined, these two fields of research present new insights and hypotheses into possible mechanisms by which stress may contribute to TTH. To date, however, there has been no comprehensive review of this literature. The present paper provides such a review, which may be valuable in facilitating a broader understanding of the central mechanisms by which stress may contribute to TTH.

scholarly journals Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiménez de Oya ◽  
Escribano-Romero ◽  
Blázquez ◽  
Martín-Acebes ◽  
Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Birds are the main natural host of West Nile virus (WNV), the worldwide most distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, but humans and equids can also be sporadic hosts. Many avian species have been reported as susceptible to WNV, particularly corvids. In the case that clinical disease develops in birds, this is due to virus invasion of different organs: liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and mainly the central nervous system, which can lead to death 24–48 h later. Nowadays, vaccines have only been licensed for use in equids; thus, the availability of avian vaccines would benefit bird populations, both domestic and wild ones. Such vaccines could be used in endangered species housed in rehabilitation and wildlife reserves, and in animals located at zoos and other recreational installations, but also in farm birds, and in those that are grown for hunting and restocking activities. Even more, controlling WNV infection in birds can also be useful to prevent its spread and limit outbreaks. So far, different commercial and experimental vaccines (inactivated, attenuated, and recombinant viruses, and subunits and DNA-based candidates) have been evaluated, with various regimens, both in domestic and wild avian species. However, there are still disadvantages that must be overcome before avian vaccination can be implemented, such as its cost-effectiveness for domestic birds since in many species the pathogenicity is low or zero, or the viability of being able to achieve collective immunity in wild birds in freedom. Here, a comprehensive review of what has been done until now in the field of avian vaccines against WNV is presented and discussed.

scholarly journals A comprehensive review of COVID-19 biology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and disease impacting the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Williams ◽  
Heather Branscome ◽  
Pooja Khatkar ◽  
Gifty A. Mensah ◽  
Sarah Al Sharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

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