Principles of evolutionary theory, evolutionary psychopathology, and genetics
Darwin’s work on evolution by natural and sexual selection is the central scientific framework in biology that explains how life developed through adaptation to changing environments. Evolution has been the driving force that has shaped the human brain and mind in the same way as it has formed somatic traits. Many adaptations pertaining to human cognition, emotions, and behaviour emerged in ancestral environments of evolutionary adaptedness, from which modern living conditions deviate in one way or another. Such ‘mismatches’ of evolved traits and current environments may cause vulnerability to dysfunctional operation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural traits. Genes and environment interact in manifold ways, yet genetic plasticity may not only convey vulnerability to dysfunction. Instead, the very same genetic variants that may lead to dysfunction when associated with environmental adversity exert protective effects against dysfunction when environments are more favourable. These insights have yet to be acknowledged by psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine.