Regeneration of Northern Red Oak in Relation to Ectomycorrhizae in Oak and Pine Stands after Overstory and Understory Manipulations

Abstract Growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to colonization by indigenous ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was studied in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan that were subjected to overstory and understory manipulations. Two stand types (oak and pine), three blocks of each stand type, four canopy cover treatments (clearcut, 25% cover (50% cover in the first year), 75% cover and uncut), and two understory treatments (shrub removal and untreated control) were involved in the experiment. Northern red oak acorns from a common seed source were sown in May 1991 to simulate natural regeneration. Seedling growth and its relation to percent ECM were evaluated for the first two growing seasons. A significantly larger root-collar diameter of northern red oak seedlings was found in pine stands than in oak stands for the first growing season (P < 0.001). However, this difference could not be explained by overall ECM colonization. Seedling growth and ECM colonization were not affected by the shrub removal treatment during the first two growing seasons. In contrast, northern red oak seedling size and weight were strongly influenced by the overstory treatment, with lower levels of canopy cover resulting in larger seedlings. Seedlings had the greatest percent ECM in the partial cover treatment (25-50%) and the lowest percent ECM in the clearcut. After accounting for the effects of canopy cover, the relationship between total biomass of northern red oak seedlings and percent ECM was positively correlated (P = 0.001) during the first growing season and negatively correlated (P = 0.038) during the second growing season. A positive relationship between root/shoot ratio and percent ECM also existed in the first year (P = 0.003) in both oak and pine stands, but only in the oak stands in the second year (P = 0.039). These results indicate that ECM promoted more root development than shoot development, particularly underpartial canopy cover (25%-50%) treatments, where the greatest percent ECM and largest root/shoot ratio were found. Moreover, our results suggest that these partial canopy cover treatments provide a favorable balance between ECM abundance and northern red oak seedling development in both oak and pine stands on intermediate quality sites, and may lead to northern red oak regeneration success on such sites. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):182-190.

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Species mixture effects in northern red oak–eastern white pine stands in Maine, USA

Forest Ecology and Management ◽

10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.027 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 298 ◽

pp. 71-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Justin Waskiewicz ◽

Laura Kenefic ◽

Aaron Weiskittel ◽

Robert Seymour

Keyword(s):

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

White Pine ◽

Eastern White Pine ◽

Mixture Effects ◽

Species Mixture ◽

Pine Stands

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First-year survival and growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seed and seedlings underplanted in upland hardwood stands in south central Iowa

10.31274/rtd-180813-8096 ◽

1992 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Edward Bardon

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

First Year ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

South Central ◽

Survival And Growth

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Variation in Eucalyptus cypellocarpa L. Johnson in Victoria, and a new taxon form the Grampian Ranges and Anglesea

Brunonia ◽

10.1071/bru9870159 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 159 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

RJ Watson ◽

PY Ladiges ◽

AR Griffin

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Population Variation ◽

Hybrid Origin ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

New Taxon ◽

Seedling Morphology ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Previous Hypothesis ◽

Minor Population

Patterns of variation in adult and seedling morphology, seedling growth and root/shoot ratios were assessed for populations of E. cypellocarpa, E. goniocalyx and equivocal populations from the Grampian Ranges and Anglesea. F1 hybrids of the two species were also produced to assist evaluation of a previous hypothesis of phantom hybrid origin. The Grampians populations were similar to E. cypellocarpa in adult morphology, but had distinctly different seedlings that were not the same as the F1 hybrids. The Anglesea population, although intermediate between E. cypellocarpa and E. goniocalyx in some adult characters, had the same seedling form, including root/shoot ratio, and the same bark type as the Grampians populations. The study provided no evidence to support the hypothesis of a phantom hybrid origin for the Grampians and Anglesea forms. A more parsimonious interpretation is evolution by the splitting of an ancestral taxon. The Grampians and Anglesea populations are described as E. alaticaulis sp. nov., with minor population variation being interpreted as a result of geographic disjunction.

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Auger Planting of Oak Seedlings

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/20.2.92 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 92-93

Author(s):

Eric Heitzman ◽

Adrian Grell

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

White Oak ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Oak Seedlings

Abstract In 2001, we used power augers to plant 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba) seedlings in stony soils in Arkansas. After two growing seasons, red oak and white oak survival was 86% and 91%, respectively. Both species had only grown an average of 1 ft in height in 2 yr. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):92–93.

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Response of Oak and Maple Seed Germination and Seedling Growth to Different Manganese Fertilizers in a Cultured Substratum

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10070547 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 547

Author(s):

Kaile Mai ◽

Roger A. Williams

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Oak Forest ◽

Red Oak ◽

Seedling Height ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Seedling Size

Oak regeneration failures have been causing a slow decline in the occurrence of oak forest ecosystems in eastern North America. Accordingly, our study sought to determine a means of creating more vigorous and competitive oak seedlings by the addition of manganese (Mn) fertilizers. Seeds of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), one of oak’s major competitors in North America oak forest ecosystems, were sown in 0.7 liter pots that contained a growing medium mixture of peat moss, perlite, and sand in a ratio of 2:1:2, and germinated in a greenhouse. Three different chemical compound Mn fertilizer treatments—manganese chloride (0.16 mg L−1 Mn, MnCl2·4H2O), nanoparticle manganese in the form of manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg/L Mn, nanoparticle Mn(OH)2), and manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg L−1 Mn, Mn(OH)2)—and a treatment of Hoagland solution were applied to the planted seed. These treatments were compared to a control consisting of water, and treatments were applied twice a week over a 12 week period. Germination rates and seedling growth were measured over this period of time. At the end of 12 weeks seedlings were harvested, separated into roots, stem, and foliage for the purpose of biomass and nutrient analysis by seedling component. Northern red oak displayed a 100% germination success rate with MnCl2·4H2O and Mn(OH)2 treatments, while red maple germination was reduced with the MnCl2·4H2O and nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatments with only a 32% and 24% germination rate, respectively. The MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of red maple with a 191.6% increase; however, the MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of northern red oak and chestnut oak with an increase of 503.7% and 339.5%, respectively. The greatest increase in overall seedling size for northern red oak was with the Mn(OH)2 treatment at 507.2%, and 601.2% for chestnut oak with the nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatment. MnCl2·4H2O treatment significantly increased the oak foliar nitrogen (N) content. It appears that the application of Mn fertilizer can increase the germination and growth of these oak species while suppressing or having a lesser effect on red maple, thus creating a competitive advantage for oak over its competitor.

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Effect of Overstory and Understory Vegetation Treatments on Removal of Planted Northern Red Oak Acorns by Rodents

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/19.2.88 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 88-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Terry L. Sharik ◽

David S. Buckley

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Red Pine ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Herb Layer ◽

Oak Regeneration ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Acorn Removal

Abstract We documented patterns in the removal of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns by rodents in red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands during a field study of oak regeneration in northern Lower Michigan. Each stand contained four overstory treatments assigned at random: clearcut, 25% cover, 50% cover, and uncut (control). Each level of canopy cover contained four randomly assigned understory treatments: shrub-layer removal, herb-layer removal, litter removal, and a control. Rodents removed acorns from 59% of the seed spots in the uncut control and 12% of the seed spots in the clearcut treatment. This five-fold difference was significant. Acorns were removed from 48% and 40% of the seed spots in the 75% and 50% canopy cover treatments, respectively. Differences in acorn removal between understory treatments were not significant. These results suggest that overstory vegetation treatments can influence the removal of planted acorns by rodents, which has implications for the use of direct seeding for artificially regenerating northern red oak.

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FIRST-YEAR SURVIVAL OF NORTHERN RED OAK SEEDLINGS PLANTED ON FORMER SURFACE COAL MINES IN INDIANA

Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation ◽

10.21000/jasmr04010480 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2004 (1) ◽

pp. 480-502

Author(s):

Anthony S. Davis ◽

◽

Douglass F. Jacob

Keyword(s):

Coal Mines ◽

First Year ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Oak Seedlings

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Budset and Growth of Eastern White Pine Following Application of 6-Benzylaminopurine to Seedlings Fertilized with Different Levels of Nitrogen

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-6.2.42 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 42-45

Author(s):

L. Eric Hinesley ◽

Robert D. Wright

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Pinus Strobus ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

First Year ◽

White Pine ◽

Eastern White Pine ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

One Year ◽

Different Levels

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were potted and solution fed once weekly during 2 growing seasons with 5 levels of N in the irrigation water: 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Leaders were treated with 750 ppm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in late June of the first year. The higher N levels resulted in greater stem diameter, greater foliage dry weight, longer and heavier needle fascicles, better foliage color, greater budset after application of BA, and more and longer branches on the BA-treated leader the second growing season. BA should be applied to trees with N concentration ≥ 1.5% in one-year-old foliage.

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