scholarly journals Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: The Effects of Raspberries (Rubus spp.) Following Clearcutting and Shelterwood Methods

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Donoso ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
A Site

Abstract Rubus often becomes the most prominent vegetation within 2–3 years following heavy overstory disturbances at mesic sites within temperate forests of northeastern North America. This review draws together available literature about its dynamics and effects, focusing primarilyon raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis Porter). It covers some key ecologic functions of raspberries related to nutrient leaching, microclimate near the ground, and organic matter decomposition. It also summarizes published information about the potentialinterference with desirable tree regeneration at northern hardwood sites within the region. The review concentrates on raspberry (Rubus spp.) dynamics and effects following clearcutting, shelterwood method, and other heavy overstory disturbances. Findings indicate that raspberries commonlydevelop into a dense cover after cutting and other overstory disturbances reduce the stocking of northern hardwood stands by 40% or more. Ecologically, they shade the ground, intercept and transpire water, and reduce the rate of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling, all of whichreduce leaching from a site. On poorly drained, droughty, and shallow soils, raspberries have reportedly delayed the development of hardwood regeneration. However, by 5–7 years, rapidly developing hardwood species have normally grown through the Rubus at most other sites, andthe emerging tree community has formed a closed canopy by 10–15 years. The presence of abundant, well-developed, and well-distributed advance tree regeneration ensures prompt restocking of new hardwoods, seems to minimize the potential for interference by raspberries, and precludes anyneed to release the tree seedlings from a raspberry cover. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):288 –296.

scholarly journals Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Assessing and Countering Ferns in Northern Hardwood Forests

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Engelman ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Further Development

Abstract The extremely dense shade cast by spreading ferns, particularly hayscented, New York, and bracken ferns, interferes with the survival and development of tree seedlings in northern hardwood forests. Excessive bracken frond litter and hayscented fern root mats can also prevent adequate germination and seedling development. In addition, the herbaceous cover may harbor detrimental small herbivores, while large ones often preferentially browse seedlings that grow through this layer. Increased understory light levels after an overstory disturbance, abundant soil moisture, fire, and herbivory promote ferns, whereas excessive and repeated cold or drought deter fern development and propagation. The most promising control methods repress ferns until seedlings cast adequate shade to inhibit further development of the fern layer. When ferns cover more than 30% of the understory, well-timed applications of either glyphosate or sulfometuron methyl have successfully controlled hayscented, New York, and bracken ferns. Two carefully timed mowings annually for at least 2 years have also provided long-lasting control on level, accessible sites. Deer populations must be reduced where browsing prevents development of desirable plants.

scholarly journals Incidence of Annual Canker of Sugar Maple Studied with the Aid of a Geographic Information System

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale R. Bergdahl ◽  
Paul E. Sendak ◽  
Donald R. Tobi ◽  
James R. Bove ◽  
Louise M. Tritton
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Probability Estimates ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Shallow Soils

Abstract Sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh) ≥ 2.0 in. dbh were evaluated for incidence of annual canker caused by Fusarium spp. A total of 1,880 trees were evaluated from 73 plots located on 635 ac of privately owned northern hardwood forest in north central Vermont. About 12% of the trees were dead and one-fourth of both living and dead trees had annual canker. A logistic regression model was used to assess the role of soil-site characteristics related to the incidence of annual cankering. Probability estimates from the estimated regression equation were used to generate a map of annual canker risk. The generality of the results obtained here are untested and need to be applied to a more extensive area for validation. However, the technique for forest disease risk assessment could have wide application. We found annual canker was more common on sites that maintained a high number of stems per acre, on sites that were shallow to bedrock, and on sites that were dominated by sugar maple. We believe these findings suggest that sites that have shallow soils that include sugar maple probably should not be managed to encourage sugar maple. Sugar maple probably should be managed in stands that contain ample stocking of other northern hardwood species, and cultural practices that encourage maple over other species probably should be avoided.

scholarly journals Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Ecological Characteristics of American Beech, Striped Maple, and Hobblebush

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Nyland ◽  
Amy L. Bashant ◽  
Kimberly K. Bohn ◽  
Jane M. Verostek
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
A Site ◽  
Palatable Species

Abstract Several woody species may inhibit regeneration of desirable northern hardwoods. This includes a dense understory of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that commonly occurs in stands infected with beech bark disease. Root injuries during logging and by natural causes alsopromote new suckers that, along with some stump sprouts, often maintain or increase the abundance of beech saplings. Additionally, browsing deer primarily bypass beech in favor of more palatable species. Where any of these factors has resulted in a dense understory of small beech, overstorycutting will promote its development, increase ground-level shading, and lead to a site conversion to beech. Similarly, striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.) often interferes with hardwood regeneration after overstory cutting. This species persists in heavy shade, grows rapidly afterrelease, and produces abundant seed. When dense, striped maple may interfere with the regeneration of other species. Hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.), a shrub, reproduces by rhizomes to form thickets when damaged during overstory cutting. Heavy shade by these thickets may preventregeneration of trees. This review summarizes characteristics of these three species with respect to their interference with desirable hardwoods in northeastern North America. It highlights the limited information about striped maple and hobblebush, and the abundance of sources that deal withAmerican beech.

Ecological benefits and risks arising from liming sugar maple dominated forests in northeastern North America

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-David Moore ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Paul. A. Bukaveckas
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Carbonate Materials

Liming, the application of carbonate materials (e.g., CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2) to soils and surface waters, has been used extensively in Europe, and to a lesser extent in Canada and the United States, to mitigate the effects of acid deposition on forest and aquatic ecosystems. This literature review was conducted to assess the effects of liming on ecologically and economically important sugar maple dominated ecosystems of northeastern North America, where it is increasingly used to treat sugar maple dieback. Potential direct and indirect effects were considered to determine whether the use of liming to revitalize these forests could negatively affect other ecological parameters, including those in adjacent aquatic habitats. Based on current scientific literature, it is not anticipated that liming at rates of 1–3 t ha−1 would have major detrimental effects on these ecosystems. However, liming could have negative effects on northern hardwood forests with regard to earthworm invasions. The choice of liming as a mitigation tool should be made not only after weighing the potentially negative effects against the benefits of restoring sugar maple dominated stands in poorly buffered soils, but also after considering ecological components that could be lost or never recovered if an acidified forest ecosystem is not limed.

Mixedwood silviculture in North America: the science and art of managing for complex, multi-species temperate forests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Kenefic ◽  
John M. Kabrick ◽  
Benjamin Knapp ◽  
Patricia Raymond ◽  
Kenneth Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Silvicultural System

Temperate mixedwoods (hardwood – softwood mixtures) in central and eastern U.S. and Canada can be classified into two overarching categories: those with shade-tolerant softwoods maintained by light to moderate disturbances and those with shade-intolerant to mid-tolerant softwoods maintained by moderate to severe disturbances. The former includes red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), or eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) in mixture with northern hardwood species; the latter includes pine (Pinus) – oak (Quercus) mixtures. Such forests have desirable socio-economic values, wildlife habitat potential, and/or adaptive capacity, but management is challenging because one or more softwood species in each can be limited by depleted seed sources, narrow regeneration requirements, or poor competitive ability. Appropriate silvicultural systems vary among mixedwood compositions depending on shade tolerance and severity of disturbance associated with the limiting softwoods, site quality, and level of herbivory. Sustainability of mixedwood composition requires that stand structure and composition be managed at each entry to maintain vigorous trees of species with different growth rates and longevities and to encourage development of advance reproduction or seed-producing trees of desired species. Regardless of silvicultural system, maintaining seed sources of limiting softwoods, providing suitable germination substrates, and controlling competition are critical. Here, we describe commonalities among temperate mixedwoods in central and eastern North America, and present a framework for managing them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document