The need for the vernalization duration of soft winter wheat collection samples

The need for vernalization is a duration-dependent effect of low, positive temperatures in order to ensure the plants' transition to generative development. If the requirement for the duration of germination is not met, the plant will not enter the stage of forming generative organs. The vernalization requirements of winter soft wheat samples of different geographical origins are determined. An assessment of the vernalization period duration influence on the severity of the elements of the yield structure is given. The research material consisted of 15 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various geographic origin. The samples were germinated in paper rolls, then vernalized in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 3–5 ºС for 60, 50, and 40 days. At the end of vernalization, 10 plants of each sample were planted in a greenhouse. The dates of the onset of phenological phases were noted: tube emergence, earing, flowering. To determine the main elements of the yield structure, a structural analysis of plants was carried out. With an increase in the vernalization period, a decrease in the interfacial periods from tube emergence to flowering was noted. The influence of the timing of vernalization was noted on the manifestation of the spike length trait. It was found that the total number of stems and the number of productive stems in almost all varieties decreases with an increase in the period of vernalization. Significant differences between collection varieties in the need for vernalization, due to both their geographical origin and the genotype of plants are revealed. In all the studied forms, with an increase in the period of vernalization, the rate of plant development increased to varying degrees, the total number of stems, the productive stem and the length of the spike decreased.

Alfalfa breeding for the foothill zone of the RSO — Alania

Alfalfa occupies a leading position among the crops used for obtaining renewable sources of protein and energy-saturated feed, as well as a mean of biological reclamation of agricultural land, preservation and improvement of soil fertility. The aim of the research is to study the economically valuable characteristics of various varieties of alfalfa to local soil and climatic conditions in terms of seed productivity and feed value. Promising varieties that combine high feed and seed productivity have been identified. According to the indicators of seed productivity, the alfalfa variety Lada was distinguished. In this variety, the indicators of green mass, dry matter and seed productivity are most successfully combined. The Lada variety surpassed the other varieties in seed productivity, the formation of beans with a large number of seeds by 7–9%. In the average of three years, the number of stems per 1 m2 was distinguished by the varieties Lada and Vega 87 — 110–120 pcs/m2. In these varieties, the number of internodes was 18 pieces, and in the standard Nakhodka — 14 pieces. In terms of the number of stems, 2 samples significantly exceeded the standard: Lada and Pastbischnaya 88. According to the yield of green mass and leafiness, the varieties of alfalfa Lada and Ve-ga 87 outperformed other varieties by 5–7%. In the future of our research, the selected varieties will be used to form new varieties.

The Bamboo Standing Stock Analysis in Karo Highland, North Sumatera - Indonesia

Bamboo is a type of grass with a high growth rate and can be a substitute for wood. The bamboo container is vast in range, so it is easy to cultivate. The number and distribution of Bamboo need to know how much Bamboo is available to meet market demand. This study aims to determine the standing stock of Bamboo in Karo districts. The method used is the multistage sampling method, which is to take samples on the map and continue with sampling in the field. Research shows that the dominant types are rope bamboo rope and green bamboo. The number of clumps found was between 600 and 1,600 per hectare. The average number of stems is 1,231 stems per ha. The most number clump bamboo ranges from 20 – 30 unit/ha; the most length bamboo section is between 25 – 30 cm.

Application of Bacillus subtilis on red onion (Allium ascalonicum)

The increase of public consumption of red onion urge the increased production in order to meet consumer needs. To increase red onion production, it is necessary to formulate cheap and easy technology. This study aims to examine the effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and production of red onion (Allium ascalonicum). The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases and Experimental Fam Land, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar. The study was conducted from February to April 2020. 80-days old red onion were treated with Bacillus subtilis bacteria consisting of 4 levels, namely control (p0), 104 density (p1), 108 density (p2), and 1012 density (p3). The results showed that the application of Bacillus subtilis affected the number of leaves, number of stems (tillers), number of bulbs, bulbs diameter (mm), and bulbs wet weight per plant (grams) with the best treatment at a density of 108 (p2). The rate of sprouting was not affected by the application of Bacillus subtilis.

Assessment of African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon) Population Structure in Kilwa District, Tanzania

Overharvesting and limited conservation efforts have posed a serious threat to future availability of Dalbergia melanoxylon in Tanzania in recent years. The study was conducted between 2018 and 2020 covering Mitarure Forest Reserve (MFR) and 2 surrounding community forests of Ngea and Nambawala in Kilwa District. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing population status of the species in Tanzania. A total of 36 circular plots in Mitarure and 15 plots in each community forest were laid down. Data were recorded for the number of stems per plot, and then converted on per hectare basis where the basal area and densities per hectare were calculated. Data was disaggregated into 5 Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) generated distribution classes ranging from DBH 0 to more than 45 cm. The results revealed that, there was a contrast between the Mitarure Forest Reserve and community forests in terms of individual number of trees per unit area, basal area and densities. The numbers of stems per hectare for the species were found to be 16, 10 and 8 stems/ha in Mitarure, Ngea and Nambawala forest, respectively. Dalbergia melanoxylon in Mitarure forest was normally distributed. The respective basal area was over 80 m2 per ha in Nambawala against over 60 in MFR and Ngea. The results suggest success of the communities in conserving the species after previous overharvest. Authorities should frequently visit forests to increase the population of the species and reduce unauthorised harvesting. Keywords: Dalbegia melanoxylon, Population structure, Mitarure forest reserve, Ngea and Nambawala community forests.

Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) Akibat Aplikasi Vermikompos dan Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) play an important role for sugar consumption in Indonesia. Problem found with sugar industry in Indonesia is the low productivity of sugarcane because of cultivation techniques caused by low soil fertility. This research aimed to determine effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and vermicompost in increasing the growth of sugarcane. The research method used Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisted of 2 factors with a combination of 6 treatments. The first factor was A1 = without PGPR A2 = PGPR (10 ml.L-1) and the second factor was P1 = 3.5 t.ha-1 (50% vermicompost recommended fertilizer), P2 = 7.t ha-1 (100% vermicompost recommended fertilizer) and P3 = 10.5 t.ha-1 (150% vermicompost recommended fertilizer). Variables of this observation are plant height, number of tillers, number of stems, number of internodes, stem diameter, brix value and the yield of sugarcane. At the age 7 months after planting, the treatment of PGPR application at a vermicompost dose of 7 t.ha-1 (78.46 t.ha-1) was able to reduce the need for a vermicompost dose which was shown by a higher yield value compared to without PGPR application with vermicompost 3.5 t.ha-1 and vermicompost dose of 7 t.ha-1. A higher stem weight obtained in the PGPR treatment when compared to the treatment without PGPR. At a vermicompost 7 t.ha-1 and a vermicompost 10.5 t.ha-1 showed a higher stem weight compared to vermicompost 3.5 t.ha-1.

Effect of water deficits on the growth and secondary metabolites of Salvia dolomitica Codd. and Salvia namaensis Schinz

Background: Salvia dolomitica Codd. and Salvia namaensis Schinz. are indigenous to southern Africa and are used as medicinal plants in folk medicine.Aim: This study aimed to assess the effects of different levels of water deficit treatments on the growth, concentration of secondary metabolites, and anti-Fusarium oxysporum activity of S. dolomitica and S. namaensis.Setting: Experiments were carried out on the Bellville campus of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town.Methods: Four weeks old seedlings of the two species were subjected to 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-day water deficit regimes. Secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavanols were assessed using spectroscopic methods. The anti-fungal activities of crude extracts obtained from plants were evaluated in a micro-dilution bioassay.Results: In all treatments, the plant height, crown width, number of stems and leaves, and fresh and dry weights reduced with increased water deficits. Acetone extracts from all treatments showed anti-fungal activity. However, extracts from the treatment with moderate water deficit (6-day watering interval) recorded significantly (P 0.01) better inhibition of F. oxysporum at the 18 h post incubation than the commercial fungicide, Mancozeb.Conclusion: This research has revealed that mild to moderate water deficit level favours the accumulation of alkaloids in S. dolomitica. Meanwhile, mild to severe water deficit significantly lowered flavanol content in S. namaensis. There was a correlation between the increase in total alkaloid contents and the enhanced anti-fungal activity of extracts of S. dolomitica. The present findings pave the way for optimised cultivation of medicinal plants and development of bioactive natural products.

Estimation of oil flax intra-species hybrids by breeding-genetic parameters for the creation of material with altered habitus

The creation of a selection material for oil flax with a large number of stems, side shoots and an optimal height for cultivation is an urgent task, since the formation of additional bolls on the side shoots will increase the yield of seeds, and an increase in the vegetative mass of plants will increase its competitiveness against weeds and reduce moisture evaporation. from the soil surface. The use of genetic and statistical parameters allows to efficiently plan and carry out breeding work for oil flax, purposefully select parental pairs in crosses, select valuable genotypes, and reject low-value material at the first stages of breeding. The purpose of this study is to identify promising interspecific hybrid combinations based on breeding and genetic parameters for creating a new breeding material for multi-stem and multi-shoot forms. The studies were carried out at the Institute of Oilseeds NAАS of Ukraine in 2018-2020. The material of the research was F1 and F2 hybrids obtained in a system of dialle crosses with the participation of two wild species (L. angustifolium and L. hispanicum) and three samples of cultivated flax – L 6 (India), M 32/2 (Ukraine), L 5 (Czech Republic). The degree of dominance of traits in hybrids of the first generation was determined by the formula (Beil, Atkins 1965). The degree of heterosis is according to the formula (Rasul et al 2002). The coefficient of heritability in hybrids of the second generation – according to the formula (Ayala 1984). As a result of the research, interspecific hybrid combinations have been identified that are promising for obtaining breeding material with a modified habit: – with the effect of heterosis: by plant height – seven combinations of F1 (Ht = 3,58-13,76%); the number of stems per plant – one (Ht = 35,77%); the number of side shoots is six (Ht = 5,68-43,79%). The most valuable are combinations in which the effect of heterosis manifested itself simultaneously on two grounds – the height of the plants and the number of lateral shoots on the plant – L. angustifolium / L 6, L 5 / L. angustifolium, L. hispanicum / L 6, L 6 / L. hispanicum; plant height and number of stems per plant – M 32/2 / L. hispanicum; – with high coefficients of heritability: by plant height – four combinations of F2 (H = 0,67-0,87); the number of stems per plant – six (H = 0,66-0,81); the number of side shoots is four (H = 0,66-0,72). Interspecific combinations of L. hispanicum / M 32/2 and M 32/2 / L. hispanicum were distinguished by high rates of heritability by two characteristics – the number of stems and the number of lateral shoots on the plant. The potential of the selected combinations will be used in the further breeding process for increased branching.

Production Potential and Development of a Decision Support Models for the Plantations of Aleppo Pine in the Oued Laou Watershed in the Moroccan Rif

The present study was carried out in the Oued Laou watershed belonging to the Moroccan Rif. It aims at the elaboration of mathematical tariffs for cubing Aleppo pine, the morphometric and increments study. The data analyzed for this purpose were collected after a preliminary stratification of the forest based on the plantation age. The study of the region’s climate shows that the western sector of the watershed is part of the temperate humid bioclimate, and the eastern sector belongs to the warm variant subhumid. The analysis of the stand-study structure shows that the distribution of the number of stems as a function of the circumference is a distribution close to normal. Cubic rates have been constructed to estimate the volume of trees. The mean annual volume increment of Aleppo pine varies between 3.10 and 4.83 m3/ha/year from one plot to another; this small fluctuation largely reflects the homogeneity of the study area. Aleppo pine has a wide ecological and spatial plasticity: colonization of all substrates, bioclimates ranging from semi-arid to temperate humid. It’s a species that exhibits uniform behavior despite topographic and edaphic variations.

Varietal effects on Productivity of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kuru, Northern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria

A study on varietal effects on the productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons at the Research Farm of the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Kuru, Jos in Plateau State, Nigeria. The study was aimed at assessing the effect of variety on productivity of potato. The treatments consisted of two varieties of potato (improved variety: Daimat, local variety). The experiment consisted of 4 that were laid out in a 2×2 split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Crop data collected were percent germination, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, number of branches, number of stems, stem girth, number of tubers per plant, number of seed tubers per plant, number of ware tubers per plant, weight of seed tubers per plant, weight of ware tubers per plant and total yield of potato (tons/ha). Although there was no significant effect of variety on the growth parameters of potato but the improved variety performed better than the local variety. The improved variety is here by recommended for adoption in the study area.