scholarly journals Protein quality as determined by the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score: evaluation of factors underlying the calculation: Table 1

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 584-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Wolfe ◽  
Shane M. Rutherfurd ◽  
Il-Young Kim ◽  
Paul J. Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Score Evaluation

scholarly journals Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) better Estimates the Protein Value of Pistachios than Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Marie Bailey ◽  
Arianna Carughi ◽  
Hans-Henrik Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Older Adolescents ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Amino Acid Score

AbstractPistachios (Pistacia Vera) are nutrient-dense foods with a healthy nutritional profile that contains fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, essential nutrients, phytochemicals and protein. However, the nutritional quality of the protein has not been characterized to date. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) for raw and roasted American pistachio nuts in growing pigs. The values for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and the standard ileal digestibility (SID) where calculated for these proteins. The CP content was greater for raw pistachios (27.1%) compared with roasted pistachios (25.1%). The amino acid (AA) in greatest concentrations for both types of pistachio were arginine followed by leucine. The AA in the lowest concentration were tryptophan followed by methionine. The AID of CP was greater (P < 0.05) for raw pistachios than for roasted pistachios, and the AID of most indispensable AA (IAA), except arginine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, was greater (P < 0.05) for raw pistachios. The SID of CP was greater (P < 0.05) for raw than for roasted pistachios, and the SID of all IAA, except phenylalanine, was greater (P < 0.05) for raw than for roasted pistachios. The PDCAAS value calculated for both types of pistachios was based on the requirement for children from 2 to 5 years old (FAO, 1991), whereas the DIAAS value was calculated based on the requirement for children 3 years and older, adolescents, and adults (FAO, 2013). Both raw and roasted pistachios had a PDCAAS value of 75. In contrast, the DIAAS was numerically greater for raw pistachios than for roasted pistachios with values of 86 and 83, respectively. For PDCAAS, the first limiting AA in both raw and roasted pistachios when compared with the AA requirements for children 2 to 5 years was threonine. For DIAAS, lysine was the first limiting AA in both raw and roasted pistachios when compared with the AA requirements for children 3 years and older, adolescents, and adults. Based on the DIAAS cut-off values describing protein quality (FAO, 2013), raw pistachios and roasted pistachios can both be considered a ‘Good’ quality protein if consumed by children older than 3 year, adolescents, and adults.

scholarly journals Digestible indispensable amino acid score and digestible amino acids in eight cereal grains

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1663-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Cervantes-Pahm ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Hans H. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Digestible Amino Acids

To determine values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), it is recommended that ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values obtained in growing pigs are used to characterise protein quality in different foods. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in eight cereal grains (yellow dent maize, Nutridense maize, dehulled barley, dehulled oats, polished white rice, rye, sorghum and wheat) fed to pigs, where SID values in pigs can be used to calculate approximate DIAAS values in humans. In the present experiment, twenty-four barrows with a T-cannula inserted in the distal ileum were allotted to eight diets and fed for three periods to give a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 14 d, and ileal digesta samples were collected on days 13 and 14. Among the SID values obtained for all cereal grains, values for total indispensable AA were greatest (P< 0·05) in rice and lowest (P< 0·05) in rye and sorghum. The concentrations of SID indispensable AA in rice were less (P< 0·05) than in dehulled oats, but greater (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, and the concentrations of SID indispensable AA in Nutridense maize were greater (P< 0·05) than in yellow dent maize and sorghum, but less (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, except rye. In conclusion, results indicate that to meet dietary requirements for AA in humans, diets based on yellow dent maize or sorghum require more AA supplementation than diets based on other cereal grains.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score with Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score to Evaluate Protein Quality of Raw and Roasted Pistachio Nuts

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 680-680
Author(s):  
Hannah Bailey ◽  
Arianna Carughi ◽  
Hans Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Pistachio Nuts ◽  
Amino Acid Score

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this research were to determine the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for raw and roasted American pistachio nuts in growing pigs, and to assess the effect of roasting on these measures of protein quality. Methods Twelve ileal cannulated barrows (body weight: 60.9 ± 3.2 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2-period switch-back design with 3 diets and 4 replicate pigs per period. Roasted pistachio nuts and raw pistachio nuts (American cultivated pistachio nuts) were each added to a single diet as the only protein source, and the third diet was a nitrogen-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. Experimental periods were 9 d with the initial 5 d for adaptation to the diets. On d 6 and 7, fecal samples were collected, and on d 8 and 9, ileal digesta samples were collected for 9 h each day. The PDCAAS and DIAAS were calculated according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Results The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AA, except Arg and Phe, was less (P &lt; 0.05) in roasted than in raw pistachio nuts. Raw pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 73 and roasted pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 81, calculated for children 2 to 5 yr, and the first limiting AA when compared to human requirements was Thr for both pistachio nuts. The DIAAS calculated for children older than 3 years, adolescents, and adults was 86 and 83 for raw and roasted pistachio nuts, respectively. The limiting AA in both raw and roasted pistachio nuts that determined the DIAAS for this age group was Lys. Conclusions Results of this research illustrate that raw and roasted pistachio nuts can be considered a good quality protein source with DIAAS greater than 75, however, heating conditions associated with roasting may decrease the digestibility of AA in pistachio nuts. Funding Sources The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service. Product was supplied by the American Pistachio Growers.

scholarly journals Determination of True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in the Growing Pig for Calculation of Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (10) ◽  
pp. 2621-2623
Author(s):  
Suzanne M Hodgkinson ◽  
Hans H Stein ◽  
Sonja de Vries ◽  
Wouter H Hendriks ◽  
Paul J Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Amino Acid Score

ABSTRACT Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) has been recommended by the FAO for the evaluation of protein quality in human foods, but the application of DIAAS is currently limited because of a lack of published data on the true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of AAs in foods. The importance of DIAAS is highlighted. To calculate DIAAS, it is necessary to determine the true ileal AA digestibility of human foods using the growing pig as an animal model for the human based on previous FAO recommendations. A method is described in detail in Supplemental Methods to determine the true ileal AA digestibility of foods for humans using the pig as a model for the adult human. Adoption of the method will enable consistency in the development of databases on predicted true ileal AA digestibility in human foods for the calculation of DIAAS.

Amino Acid Digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)-Like Values of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Fed Different Forms and Concentrations of Calcium Using the Precision-Fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungho Do ◽  
Liz Koutsos ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
Carl M Parsons ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Calcium Sources ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Abstract Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is an alternative protein source for animals, including dogs and cats. Dietary calcium source is an essential nutrient for BSFL development in the pupal stage. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are common calcium sources, but differ in solubility, acid-binding capacity, and calcium concentration. A high calcium concentration in BSFL may affect how well nitrogen and amino acids (AA) are digested by animals consuming them, thereby affecting feed conversion efficiency. Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary calcium form and concentration on nutrient composition, AA digestibility, and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values of BSFL intended for use in animal feeds using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All BSFL tested in this study were harvested at 18 d after hatch. Industry standard rearing conditions were maintained and a commercial layer ration was fed to all BSFL until 11 d post-hatch. From d 11 to 18, BSFL were fed a combination of distiller’s dried grains with solubles from a distillery, bakery by-product meal, and varied calcium sources. All BSFL diets contained 0.2% calcium in the basal diet plus additional calcium in the following amounts and forms: BSFLA: 1.2% CaCl2; BSFLB: 1.2% CaCO3; BSFLC: 0.75% CaCO3; BSFLD: 0.6% CaCO3 + 0.6% CaCl2. At d 18, BSFL were washed and frozen. Prior to the rooster assay, BSFL were lyophilized and ground. 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20 g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta was collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Nutrient and AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. DIAAS-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and National Research Council recommended allowances for dogs and cats. Although AA digestibilities did not differ, those containing CaCO3 generally had higher DIAAS-like reference values than the diet containing CaCl2 alone (BSFLA). Aromatic AA (Phe + Tyr) and sulfur AA (Met + Cys) were often first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that calcium source fed to BSFL did not affect AA digestibility and protein quality.

scholarly journals Dietary Protein Quality in Humans—An Overview

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 874-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Score

Abstract The first objective in evaluating protein quality is to permit a ranking of proteins according to their potential nutritive value and to permit detection of changes in nutritive value due to processing and/or storage. The second objective is to permit prediction of the contribution a food protein, or mixture of food proteins, makes toward meeting nitrogen and amino acid requirements for growth or maintenance. Different approaches are used in meeting these distinct aims. The preferred current method to meet the second aim is the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). This article introduces the concept of PDCAAS and places it in the context of the series of papers published in this Special Guest Editor Section addressing aspects of dietary amino acid utilization.

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