Development of Immediate Release Tablets Containing Calcium Lactate Synthetized from Black Sea Mussel Shells

Nowadays, the use of marine by-products as precursor materials has gained great interest in the extraction and production of chemical compounds with suitable properties and possible pharmaceutical applications. The present paper presents the development of a new immediate release tablet containing calcium lactate obtained from Black Sea mussel shells. Compared with other calcium salts, calcium lactate has good solubility and bioavailability. In the pharmaceutical preparations, calcium lactate was extensively utilized as a calcium source for preventing and treating calcium deficiencies. The physical and chemical characteristics of synthesized calcium lactate were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis. Further, the various pharmacotechnical properties of the calcium lactate obtained from mussel shells were determined in comparison with an industrial used direct compressible Calcium lactate DC (PURACAL®). The obtained results suggest that mussel shell by-products are suitable for the development of chemical compounds with potential applications in the pharmaceutical domain.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate from Cuttlebone Assisted by the Biosurfactant L-rhamnose Monohydrate for Biomedical Materials

The motivation of this research work is to develop novel medical material from cuttlebone (calcium source) by L-rhamnose monohydrate (biosurfactant) for aged people. The process can be synthesized biphasic calcium phosphate which is eco-friendly to environment. One of the most important aspects for this work is to use cuttlebone as a naturally occurring calcium source from a local beach in Thailand. It usually contains 90% calcium carbonate. The objective of this research work is to synthesize the biphasic calcium phosphate by hydrothermal reaction. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of 10, 20, 100, 500 and 1000 of L-rhamnose monohydrate were used to control particle size and shape. XRD revealed a mixture of β-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite powder. SEM reported that the size of particles can be effectively controlled by the addition of L-rhamnose monohydrate, and with the addition of surfactant, size uniformity was achieved. The cytotoxicity test was reported to be in the range of 70–75%. It was remarkable to note that biphasic calcium phosphate synthesized from cuttlebone with the aid of L-rhamnose monohydrate will be considered an excellent candidate as a scaffold material.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-sized Carbonated Calcium Hydroxyapatite (CHAp) from Rebon shrimp (Acetes erythraeus) as a Candidate for Dental Restoring Application

Carbonated calcium hydroxyapatite (CHAp) exhibits excellent biocompatibility with bone and teeth, making it an ideal candidate for orthopedic and dental application. However, the study of CHAp synthesis from natural material is still scarce. The purpose of this research is to synthesize and characterize of CHAp, using Rebon shrimp (Acetes erythraeus) as a calcium source. The synthesis was conducted by hydrothermal method with the variation of Ca/P ratios 1.61; 1.67; 1.73. The as-prepared CHAp was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The FT-IR results show that synthesized material exhibited characteristic CHAp band of hydroxide at 3448 and 1635 cm-1, carbonate at 872 and 1427 cm-1, and phosphate at 1049; 606; and 570 cm-1. The diffractogram pattern assigned the all observed peak of CHAp are in good agreement compared to CHAp database with the nano-scale size. It also observed that the high Ca/P ratio will decrease the crystallinity of CHAp. The as-prepared CHAp micrograph is agglomerates spherical form with size between 5-20 nm which build up from 18–26 nm crystallite particles. The result of this research confirmed that Rebon shrimp is the promising materials for calcium source in CHAp production.

Eucalyptus grandis Response to Calcium Fertilization in Colombia

Calcium (Ca) is a critical plant nutrient typically applied at the time of planting in intensive Eucalyptus plantations in South America. At two sites in Colombia, we examined (1) calcium source by comparing growth after application of 100 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as lime or as pelletized highly reactive calcium fertilizer (HRCF) compared to a no application control, and (2) Ca rate by applying 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as HRCF with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and boron (NPKSB). We assessed height, diameter, and volume after 12 and 24 months. There were no growth differences from Ca source at the 100 kg ha−1 rate. We found increased volume after 24 months at the “Popayan” site with 200 and 400 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatments (112 and 113 m3 ha−1, respectively) compared to control (92 m3 ha−1), a 22% increase. In contrast, volume did not differ after 24 months at the “Darien” site, ranging from 114 m3 ha−1 in the 0 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatment to 98 m3 ha−1 in the control. Differences in response are likely due to soil characteristics, such as organic matter, emphasizing the importance of identifying site-specific nutrient deficiencies. Study Implications: Operational applications may be over- or under-applying calcium carbonate in Eucalyptus plantations in South America. In the first two years of a seven-year rotation located in volcanic soils in Colombia, we found that one site with more organic matter at a greater depth did not need Ca additions, whereas the other site required greater than current operational applications to optimize productivity. Ca application rate trials across a gradient of soil conditions could establish critical values and improve recommendations of appropriate Ca application rates and emphasize the importance of understanding site-specific soil conditions to produce effective fertilization regimes.

The Product and the Manufacturing of Yoghurt

Yogurt, often known as yoghurt, is one of the most popular fermented dairy products in the world, with a wide range of health advantages in addition to basic nutrition. In general, yogurt is a nutrient-dense food because of its nutritional profile, and it is a high-calcium source that supplies considerable amounts of calcium in bio-available form. Furthermore, it contains milk proteins with a higher biological value as well as nearly all of the essential amino acids required for optimal health. Yogurt is a probiotic carrier food that may transfer large numbers of probiotic bacteria into the body, providing unique health benefits if consumed. These are commonly referred to as "bio-yogurts." Yogurt is also said to help with lactose tolerance, immunological boosting, and the prevention of gastrointestinal problems. Consumer demand for yogurt and yogurt-related products has surged as a result of these well-known health benefits, and it has become the fastest-growing dairy category in the world. Yogurts are currently available in a variety of styles and variations, each with its own fat content, flavor profile, and texture, making them suited for a variety of meal settings and plates as a snack, dessert, sweet or savory dish.