Intersectionality

An Invitation to Feminist Ethics ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190059316.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 40-49

Author(s):

Hilde Lindemann

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

Race And Gender ◽

And Gender

The chapter begins with examples of intersectionality that display how it works. While particular attention is given to the intersections of race and gender, the concept is shown to apply beyond race and gender to cover any social groups against which discrimination is directed. After critiques of intersectionality are addressed, students are introduced to the concept of microaggressions and shown how these too are intersectional.

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Beyond Symptoms: Race and Gender Predict Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis

Society and Mental Health ◽

10.1177/2156869318811435 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 111-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jennifer Vanderminden ◽

Jennifer J. Esala

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Groups ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Adult Health ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Sociology Of Diagnosis ◽

And Gender ◽

To Receive

Research shows an unequal distribution of anxiety disorder symptoms and diagnoses across social groups. Bridging stress process theory and the sociology of diagnosis and drawing on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examine inequity in the prevalence of anxiety symptoms versus diagnosis across social groups (the “symptom-to-diagnoses gap”). Bivariate findings suggest that while several disadvantaged groups are more likely to experience symptoms of anxiety, they are not more likely to receive a diagnosis. Multivariate results indicate that after controlling for anxiety symptoms: (1) Being female still predicts an anxiety disorder diagnosis, and (2) Native American, white, and Hispanic/Latino respondents are more likely than black respondents to receive an anxiety disorder diagnosis. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of race and gender bias in diagnosis and the health trajectories for persons with undiagnosed anxiety disorders.

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Power and the Evolution of Inequity

The Origins of Unfairness ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198789970.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 105-132

Author(s):

Cailin O'Connor

Keyword(s):

Cultural Evolution ◽

Social Groups ◽

Bargaining Game ◽

Social Categories ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Expected Outcome ◽

And Gender ◽

Resource Division ◽

Relevant Factors

The chapter starts with an introduction of the primary paradigm used in this half of the book—the bargaining game. It uses this model to show why in groups with social categories fairness in bargaining is not the expected outcome of cultural evolution. Instead, social categories act as a symmetry breaker that stabilizes inequitable bargaining conventions. The chapter then turns to the role power plays in the evolution of bargaining. Powerful groups often gain an advantage with respect to the emergence of conventions of resource division. This can lead to compounding processes that profoundly disadvantage some social groups. These models make especially clear how irrelevant markers like race and gender can come to be more important in determining resource division than relevant factors, such as individual status.

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Social Contract as Domination

Modern Social Contract Theory ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198853541.003.0017 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 387-402

Author(s):

Albert Weale

Keyword(s):

Social Contract ◽

Contract Theory ◽

Social Groups ◽

Human Relations ◽

Proper Understanding ◽

Race And Gender ◽

The Core ◽

Sexual Contract ◽

And Gender ◽

Normative Contracts

Social contract theory aimed to provide the philosophical vindication of a democratic, just, and liberal society that utilitarianism had aspired to. However, one important strand of normative criticism is that, in effect, contract theory underwrites domination rather than emancipation, in respect of race and gender. A proper understanding of contract theory can admit that, in empirical terms, contracts can be partial rather than general, underwriting the domination of particular social groups. However, insofar as the argument relies upon a distinction between empirical and normative contracts, it relied upon assumptions that are auxiliary to the core of contract theory. The argument from the sexual contract is more radical, not least because it claims that the effect of contract theory is to distort a truthful understanding of human relations. However, it has to assume that the contract theorist is committed to libertarianism and it neglects the extent to which domination has to be sustained by force rather than the free assent that contract theory requires.

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Facial Impressions are Predicted by the Structure of Group Stereotypes

10.31219/osf.io/gqea3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sally Y Xie ◽

Jessica Kay Flake ◽

Ryan Mayer Stolier ◽

Jonathan B. Freeman ◽

Eric Hehman

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Morphological Variation ◽

Social Group ◽

Social Groups ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Gender And Race ◽

Race And Gender ◽

The Face ◽

And Gender ◽

Group Memberships

Facial impressions (e.g., trustworthy, assertive) have long been thought to be evoked by morphological variation (e.g., upturned mouth) in a universal, fixed manner. However, recent research suggests that these impressions vary considerably across different perceivers and targets’ social group memberships. We investigated whether stereotypes at the intersection of race and gender may be a critical factor underlying this variability in facial impressions. In Study 1, we found that not only did facial impressions vary by targets’ gender and race, but the structure of these impressions was predicted by the structure of stereotype knowledge. Study 2 extended these findings by demonstrating that individual differences in perceivers’ own unique stereotype associations predicted the structure of their own facial impressions. Together, the findings suggest that the structure of our impressions of others’ faces is driven not only by the morphological variation of the face, but also our own learned stereotypes about social groups.

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Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000114 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael S. Rodi ◽

Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽

Christine Walrath ◽

Robert L. Stephens ◽

D. Susanne Condron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Service Access ◽

Referral Patterns ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Lee Smith ◽

Prevention Behavior ◽

Key Variables ◽

And Gender ◽

To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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