Mental Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mix And Match

At the “age of the brain,” one would expect the public to view psychiatric disorders as “diseases like all others.” But mental illness still carries a significant social stigma that deprives them of employment, housing, and social opportunities. Invoking the brain as the source of disease helps reduce stigma, but it elicits curious fatalistic reactions. People believe that if the disease is “in the brain,” then it is more severe, incurable, and resistant to psychotherapy. And it is not only the general public that is taken by such misconceptions. Patients believe the same, and so do even trained clinicians. Why do psychiatric disorders elicit such persistent misconceptions? No one would shun a cancer patient because she has a tumor in her breast. Why shun the sufferer of a disorder that ravages the brain? And why believe brain diseases are incurable? This chapter traces the misconceptions of brain disorders to the core knowledge of Dualism and Essentialism. Dualism prompts us to presume that the mind and matter don’t mix and match; if the disease is “in your brain matter,” then, in our intuitive psychology, ephemeral “talk therapy” won’t do. Essentialism further compels us to believe that what’s “in” our material body is innate, hence, immutable, so biology is truly destiny. Thus, the same core knowledge principles that plague our self-understanding in health also derail our reasoning about psychiatric disease.

5. Psychiatry under attack—inside and out

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Tom Burns
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Social Oppression ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

‘Psychiatry under attack’ focuses on the contradictions inherent in psychiatry. The mind–brain relationship is the big issue in psychiatry. It would be simple if psychiatry were just about ‘brain diseases’, but psychiatry concerns ‘mental’ illnesses. While many mental illnesses involve disorders of the brain, not all brain diseases are mental illnesses. Psychiatry originally viewed mental illnesses as inherited weaknesses. However, Freud and his followers shifted the balance to ‘nurture’. The ‘anti-psychiatry movement’ of the 1960s and 1970s, led by Szasz, Foucault, and Laing, condemned psychiatry as confusing at best and an instrument of social oppression at worst. There is now less opposition to psychiatry though disquiet remains about aspects of its practice.

scholarly journals Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: where we are now

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Cleary ◽  
Alp Ozpinar ◽  
Ahmed M. Raslan ◽  
Andrew L. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Deep Brain

Fossil records showing trephination in the Stone Age provide evidence that humans have sought to influence the mind through physical means since before the historical record. Attempts to treat psychiatric disease via neurosurgical means in the 20th century provided some intriguing initial results. However, the indiscriminate application of these treatments, lack of rigorous evaluation of the results, and the side effects of ablative, irreversible procedures resulted in a backlash against brain surgery for psychiatric disorders that continues to this day. With the advent of psychotropic medications, interest in invasive procedures for organic brain disease waned. Diagnosis and classification of psychiatric diseases has improved, due to a better understanding of psychiatric patho-physiology and the development of disease and treatment biomarkers. Meanwhile, a significant percentage of patients remain refractory to multiple modes of treatment, and psychiatric disease remains the number one cause of disability in the world. These data, along with the safe and efficacious application of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders, in principle a reversible process, is rekindling interest in the surgical treatment of psychiatric disorders with stimulation of deep brain sites involved in emotional and behavioral circuitry. This review presents a brief history of psychosurgery and summarizes the development of DBS for psychiatric disease, reviewing the available evidence for the current application of DBS for disorders of the mind.

Imaging the Mind, Minding the Image: An Historical Introduction to Brain Imaging and the Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 171-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Stephens Khoshbin ◽  
Shahram Khoshbin
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Technical Ability ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Since ancient times, people have yearned to attribute human behaviors to a physical source within the head. Recently, neuroimaging technologies have given us the technical ability to look at the living brain, its structures, and some of its functions without the need for invasive procedures. However, the science has a long way to go before these technologies can allow us fully to appreciate the anatomical and physiologic underpinnings of human thoughts, states of mind, motives, will, or behaviors.In this Article, we use an historical overview to introduce the various new technologies for imaging the brain. Today, the goal of medical science is the same as it has always been: to make medical technologies valid, useful, effective, and safe; and to guide appropriate uses while protecting the public from the misuse of them. Brain images are particularly vulnerable to misuse because they are so visually attractive. This visual power can easily result in misunderstanding about what the images show and what they mean.

Clinical Neuroscience Approaches in Psychiatry

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-414
Author(s):  
John M. Morihisa
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Recent advances in the clinical neurosciences have begun to expand and change our understanding of how the brain functions. As further neuroscientific principles are delineated we may gain insights into the underlying pathophysiology of some psychiatric disorders and through this new understanding we may be able to define new therapeutic interventions. Two illustrative examples of neuroscientific research are discussed and reviewed both in terms of the promises and dangers inherent in these new approaches to the mind.

scholarly journals Neurobiology of psychiatric disorders

Sociologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285
Author(s):  
Gorica Djokic
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Therapy Studies ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Abnormal Brain

Neurobiologically spoken, the supstrate of the mind is formed by neuronal networks, and dysregulated neurocircuitry can cause psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders are diagnosed by symptom clusters that are the result of abnormal brain tissue, and/or activity in specialized areas of the brain. Dysregulated circuitry results from abnormal neural function, or abnormal neural connections from one brain area to another, which leads to neurotransmitter imbalances. Each psychiatric disorder has uniquely dysregulated circuitry and thereby unique neurotransmitter imbalance, such as: prefrontal cortical-limbic pathways in depression or prefrontal cortical-striatal pathways in schizophrenia ie. serotonin-norepinephrin-dopamin imbalance in depression, or dopamine hyperactivity in schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry has completely changed the farmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders, and new foundings in that field are supportive to futher more neuropsychopharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy studies, whish has as a result more safe and effective therapy for psychiatric disorders.

Intervening in the psychopath’s brain

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-250
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Mental Impairment ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cognitive Liberty ◽  
Release From Prison

This chapter discusses whether pharmacological intervention in the brains of criminal psychopaths to modify and enable them to control their behavior could be justified as an alternative to continued incarceration. It also considers the question of whether treatment designed to rehabilitate the offender following release from prison could be forced on him against his wishes and whether it would violate his cognitive liberty. The chapter examines the connection between psychiatric disorders and mental integrity and whether mental impairment can weaken the presumed right to noninterference in the brain. It also considers whether direct brain interventions could be justified in adolescents with risk factors for criminal psychopathy. The key issue is weighing the interests and rights of the offender against the interest of society in preventing recidivism and protecting the public from harm.

Mind and brain: building bridges linking neurology, psychiatry, and psychology

2010 ◽  
pp. 4746-4748
Author(s):  
A. Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ambiguous Position

‘The great regions of the mind correspond to the great regions of the brain.’ Paul Broca ‘… the master unsolved problem of biology: how the hundred million nerve cells of the brain work together to create consciousness …’ E.O. Wilson, Consilience, 1998 Here is one view of the relationship between medicine and psychiatry. Physicians study, diagnose, and treat disorders of the body; psychiatrists (by contrast) study, diagnose, and treat disorders of the mind. Medicine has to do mainly with processes in objects, such as the circulation of blood to the kidneys; psychiatrists concern themselves mainly with the experiences of subjects, such as auditory hallucinations. Medical disorders are ‘organic’; psychiatric disorders are ‘functional’. Medicine is mainly a science; psychiatry mainly an art. The brain, on this view, occupies an ambiguous position, poised between body and mind: it is an ambiguous intermediary, a skilful interpreter between the languages of mind and body. Nevertheless, disorders of body and mind can and should be rigorously distinguished....

Psychiatric picture of encephalitis: Stigmatisation of psychiatric patient

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S692-S692
Author(s):  
A. Hrnjica ◽  
I. Lokmic. Pekic ◽  
S. Bise ◽  
B. Kurtovic
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Auditory Hallucination ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Serological Tests

BackgroundPsychiatric symptoms/disorders in brain diseases are not specific and may have the same clinical presentations as functional psychiatric disorders, so they can compromise early diagnosing of disease.ObjectiveThis paper's objective is to show (negative) influence of stigma in a diagnostic process of patients with predominantly psychiatric symptoms in their clinical pictures.Materials and methodsThe subject is a 46 year-old female patient with no history of psychiatric disease. Her symptoms includes: confusion, disorientation, perseveration, visual and auditory hallucination, lack of motivation, inability to understand questions, developed following a 10-day long period of febricity. During the outpatient care, she has been examined by a neurologist, a specialist of urgent and internal medicine, and a psychiatrist. As the CT scan made in that stage was interpreted as normal, the patient was hospitalised in a psychiatric hospital. She was treated both with typical and atypical antipsychotics but no therapeutic effects have been reached. Thinking of organic etiology, advanced diagnostics have been made (MR, LP). MR scan showed lesion that is a characteristic for herpetic meningitis, which is also confirmed with positive serological tests.ConclusionIn patients with a sudden onset of psychiatric symptoms, patients with unexpected changes in mental status or suddenly developed headaches, as in the therapy- resistant psychiatric disorders, it is important to keep in mind the possibility of the coexistence of brain disease. Removing the stigma from psychiatric patients is important in order to be able to give every patient the chance of getting the correct diagnose on time.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

A Proposal to Establish Standardized Learning Outcomes for Resonance Across Graduate Programs in Speech-Language Pathology

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Helen M. Sharp ◽  
Mary O'Gara
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Graduate Training ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Graduate Training Programs

The Council for Clinical Certification in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CCFC) sets accreditation standards and these standards list broad domains of knowledge with specific coverage of “the appropriate etiologies, characteristics, anatomical/physiological, acoustic, psychological, developmental, and linguistic and cultural correlates” and assessment, intervention, and methods of prevention for each domain” (CCFC, 2013, “Standard IV-C”). One domain in the 2014 standards is “voice and resonance.” Studies of graduate training programs suggest that fewer programs require coursework in cleft palate, the course in which resonance was traditionally taught. The purpose of this paper is to propose a standardized learning outcomes specific to resonance that would achieve the minimum knowledge required for all entry-level professionals in speech-language pathology. Graduate programs and faculty should retain flexibility and creativity in how these learning outcomes are achieved. Shared learning objectives across programs would serve programs, faculty, students, accreditation site visitors, and the public in assuring that a consistent, minimum core knowledge is achieved across graduate training programs. Proficiency in the management of individuals with resonance disorders would require additional knowledge and skills.

Lighting Up the Brain to Illuminate the Mind

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-716
Author(s):  
Ellen S. Berscheid
Keyword(s):  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain
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