Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 369-380
Author(s):  
Wendy Z. Goldman ◽  
Donald Filtzer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Home Front ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
Food Allocation ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Starvation Conditions

The Red Army broke the back of the Wehrmacht, liberated Auschwitz and other camps, and freed millions from occupation. Its strength, however, was determined by civilians on the home front. The greatest victory of the twentieth century depended on their efforts. The Stalinist state reached the height of its powers during the war, manifesting a greater ability to mobilize its people than any other combatant nation. The evacuation and rebuilding of the industrial base, mass mobilization of workers, food allocation under starvation conditions, aversion of a public health disaster, and reconstruction of the liberated territories were the result of unprecedented organizational efforts. Strict discipline and repression played a role. Yet, without the support of the vast majority of people, the achievements on the home front would not have been possible. The war has now become central to a new Russian national identity. The victory of the Soviet people against fascism, however, is also part of an ongoing international struggle against virulent nationalism, race hatred, anti-Semitism, and exploitation.

CULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN WORLD - A SPIRITUAL SLOGAN FACTOR OF VICTORY IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR KSENOFONTOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
The People ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Art Activities ◽  
Artistic Images ◽  
Great Victory

The article reveals the essence and specificity of culture as an important component of the spiritual factor of victory. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of fiction. The article substantiates the moral and aesthetic impact on the consciousness of defenders of the Motherland, such works of art as“They fought for the Motherland”,“Leningrad poem”,“Russian character”,“Invasion”, etc. The article describes the significant role of theatrical art, which reveals the moral values of the people and Soviet soldiers. This is reflected in such plays as: “the Front”; “the Guy from our city”; “Once upon a time”, etc. The article substantiates the important role of the spiritual influence of cinema on Soviet people. This influence was realized through artistic images of selfless service to the Motherland, loyalty to military duty. Among these films: “Two fighters”, “Wait for me”, “Front-line friends”. During the war, as the article emphasizes, an important component of the spiritual factor of victory was the musical art. Activities in this area of culture famous musicians:B. Astafiev, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Alexandrov, V. Soloviev-Sedoy, and others, was implemented in operas, symphonies, cantatas and songs, which by their nature emotional expression differed Patriotic and epic strength. The purpose of the research : to reveal the axiological components, culture of the Russian world, as important components, spiritual factor during the great Patriotic war. Conclusions : the culture of the Russian world at various stages of the great Patriotic War, through a variety of means and forms, actively mobilized all Soviet people to defend the Motherland and defeat Nazi Germany. The spiritual culture of our country and its types, in the course of functioning, during the war, clearly and expressively revealed the idea of patriotism, courage, bravery and heroism, and encouraged the Soviet people, the soldiers of the red Army, to achieve a great Victory.

Better Baby Contests at the CNE: Spectacles of Public Health, Hygiene, and Nationhood in Early-Twentieth Century Toronto

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81
Author(s):  
Allison Leadley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

Pendant près d’un demi-siècle, les concours du meilleur bébé constituaient l’une des attractions les plus populaires à l’Exposition nationale canadienne (CNE), une fête foraine annuelle à Toronto. Dans le cadre de ces concours, un panel de juges de la région (des médecins, généralement) attribuait des points aux bébés en fonction de catégories liées à « l’apparence saine, la beauté, les méthodes d’alimentation, l’absence de défauts physiques, la propreté, la tenue vestimentaire soignée et la proportion quant à la taille et le poids » avant d’attribuer le grand prix convoité. Tout comme d’autres sites de culture d’exposition, les concours du meilleur bébé misaient sur les pulsions scopophiliques du public et constituaient un mélange complexe de spectacle et d’édification. S’appuyant à la fois sur des études sur les concours de bébés et la culture d’exposition et sur une synthèse de la couverture médiatique des concours qui avaient lieu au CNE au début du vingtième siècle, Allison Leadley fait valoir que ces événements étaient emblématiques de la culture d’exposition dans leurs qualités formelles et stylistiques, mais aussi dans le travail performatif qu’ils mettaient en œuvre : la création, la promulgation et le maintien de nouvelles visions de la « normalité » façonnées par le domaine en pleine expansion de l’eugénisme.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Concepts Of Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Site

This introductory chapter provides a background of how mass immunization programs made vaccination a cornerstone of Chinese public health and China a site of consummate biopower, or power over life. Over the twentieth century, through processes of increasing force, vaccines became medical technologies of governance that bound together the individual and the collective, authorities and citizens, and experts and the uneducated. These programs did not just transform public health in China—they helped shape the history of global health. The material and administrative systems of mass immunization on which these health campaigns relied had a longer history than the People's Republic of China itself. The Chinese Communist Party championed as its own invention and dramatically expanded immunization systems that largely predated 1949 and had originated with public health programs developed in southwestern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945. The nationwide implementation of these systems in the 1950s relied on transformations in research, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and concepts of disease that had begun in the first decades of the twentieth century. These processes spanned multiple regime changes, decades of war, and diverse forms of foreign intervention. Most important, they brought with them new ideas about what it meant to be a citizen of China.

Blok, Aleksander (БЛОК, АЛЕКСАНДР) (1880–1921)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick H. White
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Common People ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Common ◽  
Army Soldiers ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The Revolution

One of Russia’s greatest twentieth-century poets, Aleksander Aleksandrovich Blok (1880–1921) was a representative of the ‘second wave’ of Russian Symbolists. Two books of poetry, Verses on a Beautiful Lady (1904) and Inadvertent Joy (1907), and his lyric drama, The Showbooth, staged in 1906, made him famous. Paradoxically, Blok began to openly mock his former Symbolist ideals after 1905, even as he was considered by many to be the leader of Russian Symbolism. In particular, Blok was concerned with the widening gulf between the common people and the intelligentsia. As his disillusionment deepened, his poetry was haunted by a sense of imminent catastrophe. Therefore, his initial response to the revolution of 1917 was positive, seeing in it an apocalyptic moment that would bring renewal and regeneration after a period of chaos and destruction. This idea was realized in his poem The Twelve (1918) which celebrates the October Revolution and placed Christ at the head of a gang of Red Army soldiers. Blok, however, soon realized that the Bolsheviks would not embody the revolutionary ideals that he wished to support, causing him to become disenchanted and deeply depressed. Blok only lived for another three and a half years, dying in August 1921.

Shia-centric State-Building and Sunni Rejection in Post-2003 Iraq

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanar Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Self ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Cumulative Processes ◽  
Basic Services

Both Shia-centric state building and Sunni rejection of the post-2003 order are the result of cumulative processes that have unfolded over the course of the twentieth century. These developments ranged from the homogenizing nation building propagated by successive Iraqi regimes to the rise of a sect-centric Shia opposition in exile. The sectarianization of Iraq was not inevitable, but regime change in 2003 accelerated the empowerment of new and preexisting sect-centric actors. The necessary will, vision, and political skill to avert the sectarianization of Iraq were absent among Iraqi and U.S. decisionmakers at the time. The failure of the occupation forces and the new political classes to construct a functioning state that could deliver basic services exacerbated the problem. Sunni opponents of the post-2003 order became as sect-centric as the system they once derided for its Shia-centricity. Sectarianization will continue to define Iraqi politics. The spread of the self-proclaimed Islamic State across much of Iraq in 2014 represents the most extreme form of Sunni rejection,while the state-sanctioned Hashd al-Shaabi, the term given to the mass mobilization of volunteers to repel the Islamic State, embodies the most serious defense of Shia-centric state building as of late 2015.

The Tsar’s Last Philosopher on the Method of Architectural History: Orthodox Theology versus Geistesgeschichte

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 239-259
Author(s):  
Branko Mitrović
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Work Demands ◽  
Leon Battista Alberti ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
De Re ◽  
De Re Aedificatoria ◽  
Red Army

A photograph dating from the years of the Russian Civil War shows Vasiliy Pavlovich Zubov in the uniform of the Red Army: an unlikely conscript to it, given his poor eyesight (as betrayed by his thick glasses), but in fact one who served as a scribe in an artillery unit located near Moscow (Fig. 1). Another photograph, taken not long before his death in 1963, shows him in the greyish suit of the Khrushchev years: a survivor who, by becoming Russia’s greatest intellectual historian, managed to avoid playing any active part in political history (Fig. 2).Zubov is the towering figure of Russian architectural history in the twentieth century. The most pertinent way to introduce him here is as the Russian translator of Leon Battista Alberti’s De re aedificatoria (Fig. 3) and as one of the two co-translators of Daniele Barbara’s commentary on Vitruvius. The former treatise is notorious for the complexities of its text, and it took a team of three scholars to produce the most recent English translation. Understanding of the latter work demands such an extensive knowledge of both Renaissance and Roman intellectual history that it is considered virtually untranslatable, and the translation on which Zubov collaborated is the only one ever published in any living language. He was also the author of an extensive commentary on Alberti’s architectural treatise (Fig. 4), much praised by those Renaissance scholars who can read Russian, while those few of his articles on Leon Battista Alberti that were published in French or Italian during his lifetime are still widely cited today.

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