Cumulative Frequency of Nature Dose: How Continuous and Regular Forest Walking Improves Nature Relatedness, Restorativeness, and Learning Engagement in College Students

Forest is a natural resource that provides natural walking as a popular leisure activity for urban residents. From the perspective of “dose of nature,” continuous contact with natural environments and engagement in natural activities can gradually promote positive health benefits. This study aims to explore the “cumulative frequency of nature dose” through regular forest walking. Ten college students were recruited to walk once a week for 30 min in the campus forest. Eight weeks of forest walking experiences were collected by administering questionnaires on nature relatedness, mental health, restorativeness, and learning engagement before the first walk, as well as after the fourth and the eighth walks. The findings of this study revealed that regular forest activities can induce accumulated natural benefits. By taking at least 30 min of forest walks once a week continuously for eight weeks, the subjects improved their mental health, increased learning engagement in school, gained more attention recovery and reflection experiences, and re-established a relationship with nature. In addition, different doses of natural benefits were observed for different cumulative processes.

How Early Socioeconomic Adversity Combines With BMI-Linked Genetics to Launch Adverse Developmental Processes Leading to Economic Hardship

The present study used a sample of 9,100 youth from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to identify how early socioeconomic adversity and BMI-related genetics combine to influence youth BMI and academic achievement/failure across successive life stages (i.e., adolescence, emerging adulthood, young adulthood), resulting in adverse economic outcomes in young adulthood. The results indicate that early socioeconomic adversity and BMI-related genetics initiate additive, cascading, and cumulative processes through BMI and academic achievement leading to economic hardship after accounting for relevant demographic and contextual variables, including race/ethnicity. Importantly, the BMI-related polygenic score revealed a moderate genetic influence on youth BMI and academic achievement at each life stage. The findings highlight the need to inform longitudinal health and obesity research with molecular genetic information.

Manifestations of instability during the collapse of metal liners of shaped charges and in related jet flows of dynamically deformed profiled bodies

The paper briefly analyzes a number of published works devoted to cumulative explosion under conditions of the possible development of surface instability of the collapsing liner of a shaped charge. Most studies stated that surface instability was initially initiated by harmonic surface disturbances or disturbances in the parameters of a given load simulating an explosive one. The instability manifested itself in the form of the development of surface disturbances over time; the absence or limited growth was considered as the preservation of the stability of the deformable shell. In addition to the influence of instability on cumulative processes, related jet flows were also investigated. This is the so-called explosive dispersion (dusting), which occurs both under the influence of the interference of shock waves and unloading waves, and in the presence of initial disturbances of the surface shape. The analysis is built within the framework of the phenomenological approach — both the main results of the experiments and their mathematical descriptions were considered, which in most cases were carried out from the positions established in the mechanics of continuous media, as well as with the help of numerical modeling. Based on the results, conclusions were formulated about the reasons and forms of manifestation of surface instability of collapsing metal liners of shaped charges, the nature of the development and parameters of functioning of such charges, as well as about the features and laws of this process.

Life course pathways into intergenerational caregiving

Background and objectives:We develop a framework for the analysis of pathways into family caregiving to older people defined around life course concepts such as key turning events in life, cumulative processes and linked lives within the family realm that influence decisions around intergenerational family caregiving.Research design and methods:Using Framework Analysis, we analyse semi-structured qualitative interviews from a sample of dyads (older cared-for adults and their main family carers) in Austria (N=24) and Slovenia (N=52). Data was collected in 2019 through a purposive sampling strategy that included dyads from a differentiated socio-economic background and gender composition. Results:The analysis reveals the existence of four non-exclusive pathways into caregiving. One pathway is associated with single turning events occurring in family or work trajectories of carers that expanded the possibilities for caregiving later in life. Another pathway referred to cumulative processes that later influenced transitions into caregiving, such as personal biographies marked by weak labour market attachment or previous occupations as professional carers. The third pathway is characterized by continued and sustained exchanges of support within families that cement reciprocal ties that underpin caregiving at later stages. In the fourth pathway, life trajectories of siblings, but also family relationships and conflicts constrained carers into their role. Discussion and Implications:Decisions regarding caregiving within families can be best understood as processes, linked to developments in other trajectories in carers’ lives, as much as to internal family dynamics and relationships. Becoming a carer may be itself the result of intertwined accumulated vulnerabilities.

The Life Course Construction of Inequalities in Health and Wealth in Old Age

In this contribution, we will mobilize the interdisciplinary life course paradigm to consider the processes through which individual heterogeneity in health and wealth is constructed all along life, from the cradle to old age. Considering altogether historical, family and individual times, the life course perspective has been developed in sociology, (lifespan) psychology and epidemiology, and has framed many important studies during the last four decades. The theory of cumulative disadvantage is for sure the most popular in social sciences, explaining how little inter-individual differences early in life expand all along life to reach maximal amplitude among the “young old” (before the selection by differential mortality at very old age). In lifespan psychology, the theory of cognitive reserve (educational level being a proxy) and its continuation, the theory of use or disuse (of cognition during adult life) have more or less the same explanatory power, cognition being a decisive precondition for active ageing and quality of life in old age. However, in spite of the success of those theoretical bodies, a prominent figure in the field, Glen Elder, recently observed that there is surprisingly little evidence for cumulative processes and that a wide variety of model specifications remain completely untested. This finding makes even more important a critical review of the literature which summarize several robust evidences, but also discuss contradictory results and suggest promising research tracks. This exercise considers the life course construction of inequalities in the distribution of objective resources older adults have (or not) “to live the life they own value” (to quote A. Sen 2001). But it is also crucial to consider the subjective component that is inherent to the understanding of well-being.

STUDYING THE CUMULATION OF NEW WORDS IN THE MENTAL LEXICON: RELEVANCE AND NECESSITY

The systematization, justification and summing up of the cumulative processes of neologisms in the mental vocabulary of a linguistic personality under the conditions of modernization of national identity is a necessity in accordance with the modern requirement of the development of science.This will make a certain contribution to the implementation of priority areas of the language policy of Kazakhstan and will contribute to the improvement and standardization of the Kazakh language infrastructure, significantly affect the formation of a “prestigious image of a native speaker of the state language” and increase the demand for the Kazakh language in the context of introducing a new Kazakh alphabet based on the Latin graphics. And also the study of the cumulation of lexical innovations in the mental vocabulary is, of course, especially relevant for modern Turkic languages ​​with a similar linguistic history of development.This has specific motives, in particular in studies where the language is considered in a cognitive aspect, neologisms are analyzed as a result of the creative work of human consciousness.A review of some work on the study of neologisms in the cognitive aspect proves the relevance and need for the study of new words in the modern new paradigm. The article analyzes scientific criteria proving the relevance and necessity of studying the cumulation of new words in the mental vocabulary of a linguistic personality.

Accounting changes and beyond budgeting principles (BBP) in the public sector

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the process of accounting changes and beyond budgeting principles (BBP) in the public sector as influenced by the institutional framework. It also looks beyond the outcomes of implementing budgeting changes to take into account the complexities of the factors that drive and shape the cumulative processes of accounting change. Design/methodology/approach The study presents the results of an interpretive case study in the Jordan Customs (JC) as good evidence from developing countries. It uses the triangulation of data collection methods including interviews, observations, and documents and archival records. Findings The paper found that JC changes to their accounting systems were influenced by the BBP, with the new budgeting systems implemented based on reconsideration and re-enacting of theoretical accounting bases and procedures. As a result, the accounting changes were managed by modifying the laws and regulations. Among the accounting changes included in the Beyond Budgeting (BB) approach in JC was relative performance evaluation, as an alternative to fixed budget targets. Rolling forecasts were prepared the BB and were employed in JC’s revenues section and the technical aspects of preparing those relied on E-views software. Most BBP were successfully implemented as values, controls, teams, goals, rewards, resources, coordination and governance. Other BBP have faced some resistance in areas of transparency, trust and accountability. Research limitations/implications The paper uses the case study approach that yielded insightful lessons. It reveals the organizational interaction with the external environment and how BBP is influenced and shaped by isomorphic pressures. It also shows the successful and unsuccessful BBP with-(out) resistance in the public sector. This paper has important implications for change dynamics that can emerge from a BBP approach at the institutional level. It also explains the interaction between the “external” origins and “internal” accounts, which identified that accounting is both shaped by and shaping socio-economic and political processes. This broad sensitivity to the nature of accounting has important implications for how accounting change along with BBP is studied. Originality/value The paper is one of the few case studies in the accounting literature on organizations that change budgeting practice by adopting BBP. The study provides a detailed explanation of the dynamics of accounting changes through BBP in the public sector. It also provides pieces of evidence about the IPSAS and public accounting reforms in developing countries.

Geochemistry and Geochronology of Ophiolitic Rocks from the Dongco and Lanong Areas, Tibet: Insights into the Evolution History of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean

The Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone (BNSZ) in central Tibet hosts a series of dismembered Jurassic ophiolites that are widely considered as remnants of the vanished Meso-Tethys Ocean. In this study we present new compositional, isotopic, and geochronological data from anorthosites and gabbros of the Dongco and Lanong ophiolites in order to test several hypotheses about the nature of subduction in the Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean (BNTO) during the Mesozoic era. Uranium–Pb dating of magmatic zircons separated from the Dongco anorthosites yielded an (average) age of 169.0 ± 3.7 Ma. Zircons separated from the Lanong anorthosites and gabbros yielded U–Pb ages of 166.8 ± 0.9 Ma and 167.3 ± 1.1 Ma, respectively. Zircons separated from the Dongco and Lanong anorthosites have positive εHf(t) values (5.62–15.94 and 10.37–14.95, respectively). The Dongco anorthosites have moderate initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.703477–0.704144) and high εNd(t) (+6.50 to +7.91). The Lanong anorthosites have high (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.706058–0.712952) and εNd(t) in the range of −1.56 to +2.02. Furthermore, the Lanong gabbros have high (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.705826–0.706613) and εNd(t) in the range of −0.79 to +4.20. Most gabbros from Dongco and a few gabbros from Lanong show normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-like primitive mantle (PM)-normalized multi-element patterns. In contrast, most gabbros from Lanong show U-shaped chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) profiles. The investigated gabbros are characterized by wide ranges of δEu {(Eu)N/[(Sm)N*(Gd)N]1/2} values (0.83–2.53), indicating that some of them are cumulative rocks. The trace element contents of all anorthosite samples imply that their composition was controlled by cumulative processes. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the non-cumulative gabbros from Dongco (δEu: 0.95–1.04) and Lanong (δEu: 0.83–1.03) indicate that their parental melts were derived from melting of heterogeneously depleted, juvenile mantle reservoirs. These rocks have arc-related affinities, indicating that their mantle sources were influenced by minor inputs of subducted lithospheric components. Our preferred hypothesis for the origin of the non-cumulative gabbros from Dongco is that they were formed in a transient back-arc basin (BAB) setting in the middle-western segment of the BNTO, whereas our preferred scenario about the origin of the non-cumulative gabbros from Lanong is that they were generated in a forearc setting in the middle part of the BNTO. We conclude that both geotectonic settings were developed in response to the northward subduction of the BNTO during the Middle Jurassic.

Neither synthesis nor rivalry: Complementary policy models and technological learning in the Mexican and Brazilian petroleum and automotive industries

Although technological learning is indispensable for economic transformation in developing countries, recent research on industrial policy both lacks consensus regarding policy models and engages in little long-term analysis of policy impacts. This study contributes to this literature through a controlled case comparison of the varied addition of new and unique functional capacities in the Mexican and Brazilian automotive and petroleum industries from 1975 to 2000. It offers a dynamic industrial policy perspective that underscores the explanatory role of alternating state- and market-led industrial policy approaches and their associated cumulative processes of “exploration” and “exploitation” (March (1991)). It also suggests that two background conditions—prior investments in learning and exogenous shocks that undermine the status quo—intervene decisively in the successful sequencing of policy approaches. The study concludes by proposing a framework that recognizes three main learning pathways formed through different configurations of the main independent variable and background conditions. This framework can be deployed as a rough predictive tool to assess how other industries might most effectively increase their technological sophistication.