Mental Health

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni Pirelli
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Empirical Thought

In this chapter, the authors provide a broad overview of diagnosable psychiatric disorders, their symptoms, and examples of current theoretical and empirical thought underlying these conditions. In providing a primer concerning mental health, they first review the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), with respect to how psychopathology is defined and the nature of the diagnostic system. They then shift to definitions, key examples, and example theories for (i) clinical disorders (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders), (ii) personality disorders (with an emphasis on borderline and antisocial personality disorders), and (iii) substance use disorders. While this chapter draws heavily from the DSM-5, such is done primarily for educational and illustrative purposes within the broader context of discussing key issues related to the behavioral science of firearms.

The DSM’s Reconnection to Psychoanalytic Theory through the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam P. Natoli
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual ◽  
Current Systems

Often believed to have Kraepelinian origins, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—5th Edition (DSM-5) defines personality disorders using a categorical, hierarchical taxonomic system. This system possesses many long-standing problems for clinical practice, including a large assortment of symptom combinations that contribute to problematic heterogeneity and likely impair diagnostic validity. The DSM diagnostic system was at one time heavily influenced by psychoanalytic theory (Shorter 2005). A desire for greater theoretical neutrality then encouraged a shift away from psychoanalytic theory, resulting in the problematic atheoretical model of personality pathology introduced in DSM-III (1980) and still used today. The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), introduced in DSM-5 (2013), is an attempt to reconcile many of the categorical model’s issues and directly parallels primary themes that characterize psychoanalytic models of personality. After a review of the historical development of DSM, three current systems for diagnosing personality pathology—the DSM-5’s categorical model (2013), its AMPD (2013), and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (2nd ed.; Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations 2017) are compared. The comparison illustrates how the AMPD brings psychoanalytic theory back into the DSM system and acknowledges the implications of a more psychoanalytic DSM.

scholarly journals New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Medical Discipline ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Specific Disorders

The third edition of the textbook presents psychiatry as a medical specialty. The application of science has transformed much of medicine by providing an understanding of the mechanisms of pathology. The genetic basis of psychiatry guarantees a future for explanation by neuroscience. The book sets the scene for such development by explaining the key issues relating to the patient’s perspective, stigma, the global challenge of mental disorder, practical ethics, and the foundations of psychiatry as phenomenology and a medical discipline. It further explains current controversies around diagnosis, psychopathology, evidence, and drug terminology. The scientific basis of psychiatric aetiology and treatment provide simple introductions to the relevant disciplines that underpin our scientific understanding. Individual disorders are covered in sections that follow the structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Thus, it follows a clinically led summary of how patients present with psychiatric disorder. There is no denying the current utility of symptom-based diagnoses and the consensus that created the current categories. However, the project of applying neuroscience to psychiatry has not failed, as has sometimes been implied by criticism of DSM-5. For these reasons, chapters have been included on genetics, neurobiological targets, and imaging in the sections of the book focused on specific disorders. Sections have also been included on service provision and forensic psychiatry because these are critical to the context in which psychiatric disorder is managed.

scholarly journals Sociocultural Context and the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder: Comment on Widiger & Hines

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Anthony Rodriguez-Seijas
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Sociocultural Context ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Theory Research

Widiger and Hines provide a brief overview of the development of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD) housed within Section 3 of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They highlight eight issues and controversies related to the AMPD in need of resolution for improvement of both the AMPD model itself as well as the field of personality disorders more broadly. In this brief commentary, I add a ninth issue in need of attention both with respect to the AMPD but also within the field of personality disorders more broadly: 9) How is sociocultural context to be accommodated in AMPD—and more generally personality disorder—theory, research, and treatment? The historical intra-individual, deficit-based models for conceptualizing personality disorders linger in current personality disorder discourse. However, failure to appropriately consider sociocultural context that systematically predisposes wide swaths of the population to unequal access to resources and exposure to psychological stressors, which can impact the appearance of personality pathology, serves to stigmatize minoritized individuals. The personality disorder field, and the AMPD discourse, must appropriately contend with sociocultural context in its models otherwise it risks developing models with limited generalizability and which hold potential to adversely affect sexual and gender minoritized populations, among others.

scholarly journals Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Psychology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Widiger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
General Public ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5

Mental health professionals and scientists must have a common language to communicate with their colleagues, with professional agencies, and with patients and the general public. The primary purpose of an official, authoritative diagnostic nomenclature is to provide this common language that minimizes the use of idiosyncratic and invalid concepts. The American Psychiatric Association’s (APA’s) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides this common language for the description of psychopathology. DSM-5 is the current edition of the APA’s diagnostic manual.

Rethinking mental disorder diagnosis: Data-driven psychological dimensions, not categories, as a framework for mental health research, treatment, and training

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C Conway ◽  
Robert Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Research Training ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

Generations of psychologists have been taught that mental disorder can be carved into discrete categories, each qualitatively different from the others and from normality. This model is now outdated. A preponderance of evidence tells us that (a) individual differences in mental health versus illness are a matter of degree, not kind; and (b) broad mental health conditions (e.g., thought disorder) account for the tendency of narrower ones (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, paranoia) to co-occur. With these observations in mind, researchers are increasingly turning to an alternative diagnostic system, called the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), that describes the broad and specific components of mental disorder. It deconstructs traditional diagnostic categories, such as those listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and recasts them in terms of a profile of dimensions. Recent findings support the utility of this approach for mental health research and intervention efforts. Most importantly, HiTOP has the potential to put mental health research, training, and treatment on a much sounder scientific footing.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet B. W. Williams ◽  
Michael First
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association is referred to as DSM-5™. DSM-5’s early predecessor, DSM-III, differed considerably from the first two editions. Its innovative incorporation of specified diagnostic criteria had a major impact on the field of mental health. In DSM-5, these criteria have been further updated to reflect the important gains in our understanding of mental disorders.

Mixed features in major depressive disorder: diagnoses and treatments

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha Suppes ◽  
Michael Ostacher
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Mixed Features ◽  
Depression Disorders ◽  
First Time ◽  
Linear Manner

For the first time in 20 years, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) updated the psychiatric diagnostic system for mood disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Perhaps one of the most notable changes in the DSM-5 was the recognition of the possibility of mixed symptoms in major depression and related disorders (MDD). While MDD and bipolar and related disorders are now represented by 2 distinct chapters, the addition of a mixed features specifier to MDD represents a structural bridge between bipolar and major depression disorders, and formally recognizes the possibility of a mix of hypomania and depressive symptoms in someone who has never experienced discrete episodes of hypomania or mania. This article reviews historical perspectives on “mixed states” and the recent literature, which proposes a range of approaches to understanding “mixity.” We discuss which symptoms were considered for inclusion in the mixed features specifier and which symptoms were excluded. The assumption that mixed symptoms in MDD necessarily predict a future bipolar course in patients with MDD is reviewed. Treatment for patients in a MDD episode with mixed features is critically considered, as are suggestions for future study. Finally, the premise that mood disorders are necessarily a spectrum or a gradient of severity progressing in a linear manner is argued.

scholarly journals Current Intake of Vitamin B12 and Depression Levels (P04-024-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Ramirez ◽  
Amy Krueger ◽  
Neil Nedley ◽  
Joletta Redd ◽  
Elijah Ramjattan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Essential Nutrient

Abstract Objectives B12 is an essential nutrient for brain function. We document what effect does B12 supplementation has on mental health. Methods The study used 4 years of accumulated data, n = 5003, of unique individuals who took the Depression and Anxiety Assessment Test (DAAT), registration TX 7-398-022. That test assessed depression, demographics and also asked about intake of B12 supplements, B12 rich foods and B12 supplemented foods. The depression levels were classified according to the DSM-5 [The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Volume 5] into 4 categories as none (0–6), mild (7–10), moderate (11–19) or severe (20 or more). Results N = 5003 took the DAAT test, that group mean age was 45, SD 17 and 67.7% were females, 64% Caucasian, 12.2% Hispanic, 8.6% black and 6.8% Asian. From the n = 5003 individuals that took the test, n = 2640, 52.8%, reported taking B12 daily twice a day, that group had a mean depression score of 10.1, SD 7.8, and median 9. N = 1038, 20.7%, reported taking B12 occasionally, that group had a mean depression score of 10.6, st dev 7.8, and median 10. N = 1325, 26.5%, reported rarely taking B12, that group had a mean depression score of 10.3, st dev 8.3, and median 9. Conclusions The three groups regardless of their patterns of intake of B12 had similar levels of depression. This, however, does not imply that B12 does not have an effect on the nervous system and 1/4 of the participants did not take enough B12. The liver is known to store a significant amount of B12, which we hypothesize is the reason for the individuals in this study not being significantly affected by B12 intake in the short term. Funding Sources Self funded.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Amy Krain Roy ◽  
Melissa A. Brotman ◽  
Ellen Leibenluft
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Health Evaluation ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
New Diagnosis

Pediatric irritability is one of the most common reasons for mental health evaluation and treatment. Irritability is transdiagnostic; while it is the hallmark symptom of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, a new diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it also appears in the diagnostic criteria for several mood, anxiety, and behavioral disorders and is a common correlate in others. The past 15 years have witnessed a rise in clinical neuroscience studies of pediatric irritability, resulting in significant advances in our understanding of its neural, genetic, psychophysiological, and behavioral correlates. These advances are detailed in the chapters in this volume. There is a particular focus on the implications of these findings for assessment and treatment of irritable youth, along with suggestions for further research.

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