Estrogenic Regulation of Spatial Memory in Songbirds

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
David J. Bailey ◽  
Colin J. Saldanha
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Auditory Discrimination ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions ◽  
Estrogenic Regulation

Birds are excellent animal models in studies of cognition, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and sex differences in behavior. Experiments with diverse avian species have revealed a potent modulation of neuroanatomy and complex brain function by steroids, both during development and adulthood. This chapter describes some of the foundational and more recent developments in the estrogenic modulation of spatial memory function, as well as related studies regarding effects of the steroid on auditory discrimination and memory for song in passerines. More specifically, the chapter describes the evolution of our understanding of how locally synthesized and rapidly acting estradiol modulates higher cognitive functions in this varied and important vertebrate class, as well as the mechanisms whereby this synaptic aromatization may underlie the learning and retention of these behaviors.

scholarly journals Development and plasticity of the corpus callosum

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (18) ◽  
pp. dev189738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia S. De León Reyes ◽  
Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo ◽  
Marta Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions

ABSTRACTThe corpus callosum (CC) connects the cerebral hemispheres and is the major mammalian commissural tract. It facilitates bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions, and is often affected in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms that contribute to the development of CC circuits in animal models and humans. These species comparisons reveal several commonalities. First, there is an early period of massive axonal projection. Second, there is a postnatal temporal window, varying between species, in which early callosal projections are selectively refined. Third, sensory-derived activity influences axonal refinement. We also discuss how defects in CC formation can lead to mild or severe CC congenital malformations.

scholarly journals Seven Ambiguities in Explaining the Human Memory System in the Principles of Neural Science Book

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Science Book ◽  
The Brain

Memory is probably one of the most complex cognitive functions of the human, and in many years, thousands of studies have helped us to better recognize this brain function. One of the reference textbooks in neuroscience, which has also elaborated on the memory function, is written by Prof. Kandel and his colleagues. In this book, I encountered a number of ambiguities when it was explaining the memory system. Here, I am sharing those points, either to find an answer for them, or to let them be a suggestion for our future works. Prof. Kandel has spent most of his meritorious lifetime on studying the memory system; however, the brain is extremely complex, and as a result, we still have many years to comprehensively understand the neural mechanisms of brain functions.

Sex Differences in Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Blockade of PPARα Exacerbates Inflammatory Pain-Related Impairment of Spatial Memory in Rats

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Gaspar ◽  
Catherine Healy ◽  
Mehnaz I. Ferdousi ◽  
Michelle Roche ◽  
David P. Finn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Pharmacological Blockade ◽  
Innate Anxiety

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that exist in three isoforms: PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. Studies suggest that the PPAR signalling system may modulate pain, anxiety and cognition. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether endogenous signalling via PPARs differentially modulates innate anxiety responses and mnemonic function in the presence and absence of inflammatory pain. We examined the effects of intraperitoneal administration of GW6471 (PPARα antagonist), GSK0660 (PPARβ/δ antagonist), GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist), and N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on rat behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), light-dark box (LDB), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests in the presence or absence of chronic inflammatory pain. Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-injected rats exhibited impaired recognition and spatial mnemonic performance in the NOR test and pharmacological blockade of PPARα further impaired spatial memory in CFA-treated rats. N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) levels were higher in the dorsal hippocampus in CFA-injected animals compared to their counterparts. The results suggest a modulatory effect of CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain on cognitive processing, but not on innate anxiety-related responses. Increased OEA-PPARα signalling may act as a compensatory mechanism to preserve spatial memory function following CFA injection.

scholarly journals Role of Neuroglobin in the Neuroprotective Actions of Estradiol and Estrogenic Compounds

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1907
Author(s):  
George E. Barreto ◽  
Andrew J. McGovern ◽  
Luis M. Garcia-Segura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Synthetic Steroids ◽  
Neuroprotective Actions ◽  
Estrogenic Regulation

Estradiol exerts neuroprotective actions that are mediated by the regulation of a variety of signaling pathways and homeostatic molecules. Among these is neuroglobin, which is upregulated by estradiol and translocated to the mitochondria to sustain neuronal and glial cell adaptation to injury. In this paper, we will discuss the role of neuroglobin in the neuroprotective mechanisms elicited by estradiol acting on neurons, astrocytes and microglia. We will also consider the role of neuroglobin in the neuroprotective actions of clinically relevant synthetic steroids, such as tibolone. Finally, the possible contribution of the estrogenic regulation of neuroglobin to the generation of sex differences in brain pathology and the potential application of neuroglobin as therapy against neurological diseases will be examined.

Neuroprotection and Enhancement of Spatial Memory by Herbal Mixture HT008-1 in Rat Global Brain Ischemia Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 287-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Tai Kim ◽  
Youn-Ju Yi ◽  
Mi-Yeon Kim ◽  
Youngmin Bu ◽  
Zhen Hua Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Brain Ischemia ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Global Brain Ischemia ◽  
Herbal Mixture ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Global Brain

To investigate whether HT008-1, a prescription used in traditional Korean medicine to treat mental and physical weakness, has a neuroprotective effect on a rat model of global brain ischemia and an enhancing effect against memory deficit following ischemia. Global brain ischemia was induced for 10 min by using 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO). HT008-1 was orally administered at doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg respectively twice at 0 and 90 min after ischemia. The effect on memory deficit was investigated by using a Y-maze neurobehavioral test 4 days after brain ischemia, and the effect on neuronal damage was measured 7 days after ischemia. The mechanism of action was studied immunohistochemically using an anti-CD11b (OX-42) antibody. The oral administration of HT008-1 at 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal cell death by 49% and 53%, respectively, compared with a vehicle-treated group, and also improved spatial memory function in the Y-maze test. Immunohistochemically, HT008-1 inhibited OX-42 expression in the hippocampus. The effects of HT008-1 were more pronounced than those of its individual herb components. The herbal mixture HT008-1 protects the most vulnerable CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and enhances spatial memory function against global brain ischemia; an anti-inflammatory effect may be one of the mechanisms of action.

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