Severe Poverty as an Unjust Emergency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Global Justice ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Peter Singer ◽  
Effective Altruism ◽  
The One

On the one hand, recent literature on global justice urges us to correct features of global structures that contribute to the persistence of severe poverty. On the other, Peter Singer has argued that our obligations to donate to agencies such as Oxfam are at least as stringent as the obligation to rescue a child we happened to pass who is drowning in a pond. His argument has triggered a movement, known as “effective altruism,” which encourages people to donate a substantial proportion of their income to the most effective NGOs and advises them on how they can do the most good with their money. This paper examines the debate between these two positions and argues for a pluralist view, according to which duties to correct global injustice should be seen as back-up duties to those duties of aid which (as Singer rightly argues) are of the utmost moral urgency.

Does Global Justice Require More than Just Global Institutions?

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Kok-Chor Tan
Keyword(s):  
Global Justice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Strong Reading

The ‘institutional approach’ to justice holds that persons’ responsibility of justice is primarily to support, maintain, and comply with the rules of just institutions. Within the rules of just institutions, so long as their actions do not undermine these background institutions, individuals have no further responsibilities of justice. But what does the institutional approach say in the non-ideal context where just institutions are absent, such as in the global case? One reading of the institutional approach, in this case, is that our duties are primarily to create just institutions, and that when we are doing our part in this respect, we may legitimately pursue other personal or associational ends. This ‘strong’ reading of our institutional duty takes it to be both a necessary and sufficient duty of justice of individuals that they do their part to establish just arrangements. But how plausible is this? On the one hand this requirement seems overly inflexible; on the other it seems overly lax. I clarify the motivation and context of this reading of the institutional duty, and suggest that it need not be as implausible as it seems.

The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan ◽  
Robert O. Keohane
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
State Consent ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The One

We articulate a global public standard for the normative legitimacy of global governance institutions. This standard can provide the basis for principled criticism of global governance institutions and guide reform efforts in circumstances in which people disagree deeply about the demands of global justice and the role that global governance institutions should play in meeting them. We stake out a middle ground between an increasingly discredited conception of legitimacy that conflates legitimacy with international legality understood as state consent, on the one hand, and the unrealistic view that legitimacy for these institutions requires the same democratic standards that are now applied to states, on the other.

scholarly journals Smouldering Malignant Melanoma and Metastatic Dormancy: An Update and Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald E. Piérard ◽  
Claudine Piérard-Franchimont ◽  
Marie-Annick Reginster ◽  
Pascale Quatresooz
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Lymph Node Involvement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Free Interval ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Regional Metastases ◽  
Node Involvement ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
Disease Free

The fund of knowledge regarding the versatility of presentation of MM metastases is still quite incomplete. The recent literature pertaining to the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying two special features of MM metastasis is reviewed. On the one hand, a long disease-free interval (MM dormancy) may occur before the surge of overt metastases. On the other hand, the so-called MM smouldering phenomenon refers to the condition where regional metastases wax and wane for long periods of time on restricted skin regions. It is important to emphasize that local micrometastases often predict sentinel lymph node involvement but may not reflect progression of the primary MM to full-blown visceral metastatic competence. It is likely that a combination of factors impacts the versatile MM metastasic progression. Among the main factors, one has to mention the phenotypic heterogeneity and variability in the phenotype of MM cells, the presence of MM stem cells and MM cells engaged in an amplification proliferation pool, as well as the host immune response, and possibly the induction of a particular stromal structure and vascularity.

British Investment in Latin America, 1850–1950 A Reappraisal

Itinerario ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory Miller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
American History ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Latin American History ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research

For forty years much of the research on Britain's relationship with Latin America has been dominated by a rather narrow agenda, the boundaries of which were established by radical and conservative writers in the middle third of the twentieth century, just when Britain's role in Latin America was rapidly declining. Essentially this was a debate about power, that of British governments and businessmen on the one hand and Latin American governments and elites on the other. More recently, however, younger historians have begun to break free of the confines established by those writing in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result there is some hope that new research on this topic may offer more of interest to non-specialists and contribute to other historical debates, both in British and Latin American history. The purpose of this historiographical essay, which is based primarily, but not entirely, on the research undertaken in Britain during the last twenty years, is to review the recent literature on British investment in Latin America, and to investigate some of the implications of what we now know about the subject for our understanding of the evolution of Latin American societies.

scholarly journals Problem eutanazji w ujęciu Roberta Spaemanna

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Józef Kożuchowski
Keyword(s):  
Living Will ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Peter Singer ◽  
Passive Euthanasia ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
Philosophical Argumentation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Robert Spaemann

The problem of euthanasia as seen by Robert SpaemannThe main aim of the article is to present some aspects of euthanasia in the perspective of Robert Spaemann—one of the most significant contemporary German thinkers. First of all, the paradox of the right to euthanasia derived from one’s own decision is pointed out. It is illustrated by the practice of legalising these acts in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. On the one hand, such acts are to be motivated by our personal right to self-determination, but on the other, relevant decisions are taken by a doctor. Ultimately, the law protects the doctor, not the patient. Next, the nature of two main types of euthanasia is discussed and defined: active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Also, an attempt is made to show the inevitable consequences of the right to kill oneself by answering the question whether the right to euthanasia breeds a sense of duty. Finally, a polemic between Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer is presented, which gives us an opportunity to see the three fundamental differences between these philosophers in their views on the problem of the so-called good death.The author of the article emphasizes that the patient’s living will, introduced in Germany in 2009 Patientenverfugung, may indirectly imply consent to passive euthanasia, which is omitted in specialist literature. He then indicates the specificity of the philosophical argumentation of the eminent thinker against euthanasia. He also highlights two aspects of Spaemann’s discussion with Singer: one concerns the downward spiral argument which undermines the legitimacy of euthanasia legalisation, and the other distinguishes two ways of abandoning the treatment if a person faces death.

The Co-Existence of Strategy and Innovation: Legitimizing New Forms of Organizing Processes

Metamorphosis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-198
Author(s):  
Tor Hernes
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strategic Intent ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strategy And Structure ◽  
Large Corporations ◽  
The One ◽  
Strategy I ◽  
Stable Structures

Companies increasingly need to excel both in efficiency and innovation. This means that they have to be proficient both at following strategies and cultivating innovation-led change. Whereas the former implies cultivating what they are good at and embedding it in stable structures, the latter implies exploring new opportunities. However, these two logics subscribe to two distinctly different discourses in organizations. A problem arises when the discourse of strategy and structure gets the upper hand over the discourse of innovation. This somewhat uneven battle is a question of legitimacy: Strategy and structure are part and parcel of rationalist models. Innovation, on the other hand is more often than not seen as nearsighted and intuition based. Hence, organizations will tend more towards structure and strategy than towards innovation, as pointed out by, for example, Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998). Such a tendency is potentially harmful to contemporary organizations in the sense that their potential for innovation is hampered. The idea of ‘strategic intent’ (Hamel and Prahalad 1994) as opposed to traditional models of strategy goes some way towards resolving the dilemma, because it specifies that strategies should be broad and provide ‘stretch’ rather than be controlling and inhibitive. Still, recent literature on strategy tends to prescribe from best practice, and it works from examples of very large corporations. They do not address dilemmas of ‘normal’ companies who cannot as readily accommodate competing logics of innovation and strategy. I argue in this paper that a key element is that of ‘discourse’, which serves to legitimise the one or the other logic. Therefore, for innovation led change to occupy its due space in organizations, it needs to be given legitimacy. Legitimacy comes through structure, and therefore innovation needs its own structures inside organizations.

Other Specified Paraphilic Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-278
Author(s):  
J. Paul Fedoroff
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paraphilic Disorder ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Paraphilic Disorders ◽  
The One

Abstract: The Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has a category of disorders termed “other specified paraphilic disorders” (OSPD). The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for these disorders are contradictory, on the one hand referring to symptoms characteristic of a paraphilic disorder and, on the other hand, referring to symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for any of the disorders in the paraphilic disorders class. In this chapter, paraphilias meeting diagnostic criteria for OSPD are presented and discussed. Telephone scatologia, necrophilia, and zoophilia are briefly discussed, and the recent literature on these topics is reviewed.

scholarly journals Interrogating intersectionality: Productive ways of theorising multiple positioning

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Phoenix
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Multiple Methods ◽  
Intersectional Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Inequalities

Intersectionality is an increasingly popular feminist approach to theorising and analysing the fact that everybody is   simultaneously positioned in multiple social categories. It is, however, a much debated concept. This paper considers recent literature on intersectionality to discuss current debates on the concept. In particular, it considers whether, on the one hand, intersectionality fails to address structural inequalities because it focuses on agency and, on the other, if it produces fixed conceptualisations of structure. The paper argues that the most productive versions of intersectionality are those that draw on postmodern ideas. In these versions social categories and their associated positions and identities are treated as fluid and  multiple while recognising that structure and culture are mutually constitutive. The paper also considers whether intersectional theory produces so many intersections that it be comes impossible to know which should be analysed at any particular time. In addition it discusses the methodologies employed by intersectional researchers. It suggests that those analysing intersections have to take strategic and creative decisions about which are the most relevant intersections for specific groups or individuals at particular times and on particular issues. Intersectional methodologies are in the process of development. However, the paper highlights a variety of methodologies used by feminist researchers and argues that the study of intersectionality will continue to be characterised by multiple methods.

Buddhist Belief ‘In’

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Indian Buddhism ◽  
The One ◽  
Classic Paper

Recent articles in Religious Studies have underscored the questions of whether Buddhism presents any empirical doctrines, and whether, if it does, such doctrines are false or vacuous. In what follows I want to sketch an interpretation of Buddhism according to which it does not offer doctrines which are empirically false, on the one hand, or trivially true on the other. In doing so I take my cue from an earlier, and by now classic, paper by H. H. Price. For the exposition of Buddhism I take the Pali Nikāyas, the single most significant collection of texts in the Buddhist tradition. The particular doctrine which is the focus of discussion here is the kammavāda (Pali) or ‘karma view’ of early Indian Buddhism, for it is the focus of much of the recent literature cited above and a doctrine which some have thought amenable to statement in empirical terms.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

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