Medical Uses of Marijuana—Fact or Fantasy?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Iversen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Indications

Marijuana has a long history of medical use. This chapter discusses the modern revival of interest in marijuana in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. The fully licensed cannabinoid medicines dronabinol (Marinol), nabilone (Cesamet), and nabiximols (Sativex) and their uses are discusses. Medical indications include multiple sclerosis, pain, nausea and vomiting, epilepsy, appetite stimulation, mood, sleep, and migraine. Apart from the treatment of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis, there is little or no scientific evidence of efficacy because of the lack of controlled clinical trials; nevertheless, there may be a significant placebo effect. The supply of cannabis to medical pharmacies is poorly controlled. The Dutch and Canadian models provide good quality control, but in the United States supplies are of patchy quality from state to state.

scholarly journals Medical Affairs in Pharmaceutical Companies and Related Pharmaceutical Regulations in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Post Marketing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Value

Medical affairs has received a lot of attention in recent years in Japan, but it is also often misunderstood or poorly understood in the healthcare industry in Japan. In the United States, the function of medical affairs has been established for a long time, whereas its history in Japan is relatively short. Many scandals in clinical trials occurred with inappropriate relationship between medical doctors and the sales departments of pharmaceutical companies from 2012. These incidents undermined confidence in clinical trials in Japan and triggered the enforced separation of sales departments from the conduct of post-marketing clinical trials and evidence generation. There have been growing compliance issues identified in marketing and sales practices, and off-label promotion is also becoming an issue in Japan. These issues resulted in the establishment of independent medical affairs departments from sales departments in pharmaceutical companies operating in Japan. Due to the short history of medical affairs in Japan, the roles and responsibilities vary between companies in Japan. Medical affairs departments aim to fulfill unmet medical needs through the generation of scientific evidence and to deliver scientific value to key stakeholders and patients. People working in medical affairs need to engage in scientific exchange activities with key opinion leaders independent of sales departments. Through these activities, medical affairs ensures that patients receive optimal medical care. Medical affairs in Japan is still developing, and its roles, responsibilities, and functions are improving. This article covers the history of medical affairs in Japan and the current status and future perspectives of medical affairs in Japan.

The Chemical Imbalance Hypothesis: An Evaluation of the Evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Schultz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Imbalance

Powered by philosophic argument, scientific evidence, and multibillion dollar pharmaceutical companies sponsoring multimillion dollar advertising campaigns, the chemical imbalance hypothesis has saturated our academic and popular culture. This saturation is, at least partially, responsible for the more than 10 billion dollars annually spent on antidepressant medication in the United States. But what is the “chemical imbalance” hypothesis? And what evidence supports it? This article will provide an account of the chemical imbalance hypothesis, a history of its development, and the evidence provided for its justification. This article will show that the evidence for the chemical imbalance hypothesis is unconvincing. It will discuss why, despite the unconvincing evidence, the hypothesis lingers. And, finally, it will suggest an alternative approach to mental illness that avoids some of the pitfalls of a biological reductionistic account of mind.

Efectos en la salud de los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Ponciano-Rodríguez ◽  
Carlos Alberto Chávez Castillo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
History Of

Without a doubt, smoking continues to be the leading cause of disease, disability, and premature death worldwide. How ever, the advent of the new Electronic Administration Systems of Nicotine (SEAN), among which the electronic cigarette stands out, has had explosive growth and in some countries has depleted tobacco cigarettes, especially among young people who feel attracted by its striking flavors and the deployment of technology that is used in its design and operation. The SEANs initially emerged in 2003 as a supposed help to quit smoking, at 16 years from this date no clinical studies are confirming their superiority over existing medications for this purpose: nicotine, bupropion and varenicline replacement therapies, or over psychological therapies such as emotional and cognitive-behavioral rational. On the other side, a large amount of evidence has been accumulated on the deleterious effect they have on the health of consumers, the risk they represent is unquestionable and this is confirmed by recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control of the United States (CDC) that indicate 2142 hospitalized cases with acute lung disease and 42 deaths from this cause, 79% being people under 35 years. This outbreak of lung disease has determined that the ban on SEAN in the United States will be planted. Also, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of hybrid cigarettes or “Heets” (Heat-not-burn tobacco products), which uses heated tobacco, and are now available in our country. There is no doubt that as health professionals, we must inform with scientific evidence about the risks that SEANs pose to their consumers, we must also learn from the history of smoking to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with these new tobacco products. Keywords: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS); electronic cigarettes; JUUL®; heets; toxicity; health effects; damage.

Article Commentary: Sublingual immunotherapy for inhalant allergy: Cautious optimism

2009 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 622-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Krouse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Patient Selection ◽  
Sublingual Immunotherapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Single Antigen ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Inhalant Allergy

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is being utilized with increasing frequency in both Europe and the United States. While the data with commercially-prepared single-antigen SLIT appear promising, there has been an extrapolation of these data beyond the scope of the well-controlled clinical trials that have been published in the literature. In this environment of enthusiasm, it is prudent to examine variables that are relevant in evaluating how SLIT can be incorporated into American allergy practice on a broader scale. This commentary will discuss five areas of potential concern in moving toward wider implementation of SLIT: (1) patient selection for treatment; (2) pattern of sensitization; (3) dosing, preparation, and delivery; (4) safety concerns; and (5) cost of therapy. Additional research is necessary to adequately address these important issues to ensure that SLIT will offer a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for Americans with inhalant allergy.

Review of A brief history of the United States.

1919 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 414-414
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of

Quality Control of Data in a Large-Scale Cancer Register Program

1966 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Lourie ◽  
W. Haenszeland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Cancer Register ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
End Results

Quality control of data collected in the United States by the Cancer End Results Program utilizing punchcards prepared by participating registries in accordance with a Uniform Punchcard Code is discussed. Existing arrangements decentralize responsibility for editing and related data processing to the local registries with centralization of tabulating and statistical services in the End Results Section, National Cancer Institute. The most recent deck of punchcards represented over 600,000 cancer patients; approximately 50,000 newly diagnosed cases are added annually.Mechanical editing and inspection of punchcards and field audits are the principal tools for quality control. Mechanical editing of the punchcards includes testing for blank entries and detection of in-admissable or inconsistent codes. Highly improbable codes are subjected to special scrutiny. Field audits include the drawing of a 1-10 percent random sample of punchcards submitted by a registry; the charts are .then reabstracted and recoded by a NCI staff member and differences between the punchcard and the results of independent review are noted.

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