“From Slave to Citizen”
This chapter covers Saint Elizabeths during the post-Reconstruction era and examines the medical professions’ changing ideas about black mental illness and black Washingtonians’ interactions with the hospital in a new era of limited citizenship. A postemancipation discourse emerged among physicians in the 1880s and 1890s that fundamentally differed from the antebellum medical consensus that insanity was rare among black people. Instead physicians began to attribute a perceived increase of black insanity to freedom itself. What the psychiatric profession—which now included individuals trained in neurology—could not agree upon was whether blacks’ new susceptibility to madness was a result of their cultural or biological underdevelopment. Despite this new consensus that associated black mental illness with freedom, this chapter argues that the increased admissions of African Americans to Saint Elizabeths in the 1890s was more the result of black families assertively using the federal institution as an important resource.