Thinking Harder with Numbers

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Ellen Peters
Keyword(s):  
Numeric Information

This chapter “Thinking Harder with Numbers,” is the first of four chapters focusing on how more objectively numerate people think harder and, as a result, judge and decide better when numeric information is involved. First, they attend to and search for numeric information more than the less numerate do. Second, they think more with numbers by (1) thinking longer in numeric decisions; (2) performing more numeric operations, for example by transforming numeric information from one format to another; and (3) understanding better what they know and do not know. These processes generally result in the highly numerate making better decisions. The highly numerate not only understand numbers better, but they also have better habits for dealing with numeric and non-numeric information in judgment and choice.

J 5 — A Data Processing System for Medical Information

1967 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
P. Hall ◽  
Ch. Mellner ◽  
T. Danielsson
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Flexible Form ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Pattern Recognition Analysis ◽  
Numeric Information

A system for medical information has been developed. The system is a general and flexible one which without reprogramming or new programs can accept any alphabetic and/or numeric information. Coded concepts and natural language can be read, stored, decoded and written out. Medical records or parts of records (diagnosis, operations, therapy, laboratory tests, symptoms etc.) can be retrieved and selected. The system can process simple statistics but even make linear pattern recognition analysis.The system described has been used for in-patients, outpatients and individuals in health examinations.The use of computers in hospitals, health examinations or health care systems is a problem of storing information in a general and flexible form. This problem has been solved, and now it is possible to add new routines like booking and follow-up-systems.

How do working memory, general anxiety and math anxiety affect female students’ math performance?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nachshon Korem ◽  
Orly Rubinsten
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Math Performance ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Shared Variance ◽  
Numeric Information

Current evidence suggests that math anxiety and working memory govern math performance. However, these conclusions are largely based on simple correlations, without considering these variables as a network or examining correlations at the latent variables level. Thus, questions remain regarding the role of the unique and shared variance between math anxiety, working memory and math performance. The purpose of the current study was to (i) uncover the underlying relationships between the variables to understand the unique contribution of each element to the network; (ii) measure the shared variance and identify the interactions between affect and cognition that control math performance. Our analytical approach involved both network analysis approach and structural equation modeling, with a sample of 116 female students.Results show that math anxiety and working memory affect math performance by different mechanisms. Only working memory tests that included numeric information were correlated to math anxiety. Each of the various working memory tasks correlated differently to math performance: working memory as a single latent variable was a better predictor of math performance than visuospatial and verbal working memory as two separate latent variables. Overall, both working memory and math anxiety affect math performance. Working memory tasks that include numeric information can affect performance in math anxious individuals.

scholarly journals Dissociating Representations of Time and Number in Reinforcement-Rate Learning by Deletion of the GluA1 AMPA Receptor Subunit in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-217
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Austen ◽  
Corran Pickering ◽  
Rolf Sprengel ◽  
David J. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Associative Strength ◽  
Ampa Receptor ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Ampa Receptor Subunit ◽  
Numeric Information

Theories of learning differ in whether they assume that learning reflects the strength of an association between memories or symbolic encoding of the statistical properties of events. We provide novel evidence for symbolic encoding of informational variables by demonstrating that sensitivity to time and number in learning is dissociable. Whereas responding in normal mice was dependent on reinforcement rate, responding in mice that lacked the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit was insensitive to reinforcement rate and, instead, dependent on the number of times a cue had been paired with reinforcement. This suggests that GluA1 is necessary for weighting numeric information by temporal information in order to calculate reinforcement rate. Sample sizes per genotype varied between seven and 23 across six experiments and consisted of both male and female mice. The results provide evidence for explicit encoding of variables by animals rather than implicit encoding via variations in associative strength.

Chart decoder: Generating textual and numeric information from chart images automatically

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Dai ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Zhibin Niu ◽  
Jiawan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Numeric Information

Exploring the differences in SPC convective outlook interpretation using categorical and numeric information

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Weather ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Interpretation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Numeric Information ◽  
The Given ◽  
Level 2

Abstract While previous work has shown the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) convective outlooks accurately capture meteorological outcomes, evidence suggests stakeholders and the public may misinterpret the categorical words currently used in the product. This work attempts to address this problem by investigating public reactions to alternative information formats that include numeric information: (1) numeric risk levels (i.e., “Level 2 of 5”) and (2) numeric probabilities (i.e., “a 5% chance”). In addition, it explores how different combinations of the categorical labels with numeric information may impact public reactions to the product. Survey data comes from the 2020 Severe Weather and Society Survey, a nationally representative survey of US adults. Participants were shown varying combinations of the information formats of interest, and then rated their concern about the weather and the likelihood of changing plans in response to the given information. Results indicate that providing numeric information (in the form of levels or probabilities) increases the likelihood of participants correctly interpreting the convective outlook information relative to categorical labels alone. Including the categorical labels increases misinterpretation, regardless of whether numeric information was included alongside the labels. Finally, findings indicate participants’ numeracy (or their ability to understand and work with numbers) had an impact on correct interpretation of the order of the outlook labels. Although there are many challenges to correctly interpreting the SPC convective outlook, using only numeric labels instead of the current categorical labels may be a relatively straightforward change that could improve public interpretation of the product.

Provide Evaluative Meaning and Direct Attention

2020 ◽  
pp. 215-236
Author(s):  
Ellen Peters
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Data Formats ◽  
Evaluative Meaning ◽  
Numeric Information

This chapter, “Provide Evaluative Meaning and Direct Attention,” links earlier chapters about the habits of the highly numerate to evidence-based communication solutions that especially help the less objectively numerate. In particular, Chapter 17 provides techniques to assist decision makers when they are unable to evaluate the good or bad meaning of numeric information. These techniques range from providing numeric comparisons to carefully using evaluative labels and symbols, more imaginable data formats, and emotion. Evidence exists that emotional communications also facilitate communication by grabbing and holding attention. Other methods that allow the less numerate access into these attentional habits of the highly numerate include ordering information based on its importance, highlighting the meaning of only the most important information, and increasing the visual salience of key numbers. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of some of the challenges that communicators face to presenting information well.

Provide Numbers but Reduce Cognitive Effort

2020 ◽  
pp. 196-214
Author(s):  
Ellen Peters
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Plain Language ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Numeric Information ◽  
Numeric Data

This chapter, “Provide Numbers but Reduce Cognitive Effort,” challenges the notion that numbers mislead people and should be avoided. This chapter recommends instead that communicators provide numeric information but reduce how much effort is required from consumers and patients to use it. In particular, the chapter discusses five ways that providing numeric information is useful for decision makers. Then it summarizes evidence-based methods to present such numeric data to decrease effort and increase numeric comprehension and use. The methods include providing fewer options and less information, presenting absolute risks, keeping denominators constant, doing any needed math operations for them, and using appropriate visual displays. Concrete examples are explained in plain language.

Minimum amount of time required to retrieve peripheral numeric information in augmented-reality systems using a colour sequential DLP display

Displays ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marino Menozzi ◽  
Esther Bergande ◽  
Jutta Bonan ◽  
Philipp Sury ◽  
Helmut Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Numeric Information ◽  
Time Required

HYBRID SEARCH STRATEGIES FOR HETEROGENEOUS SEARCH SPACES

2000 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLA GOMES ◽  
BART SELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Operations Research ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Search Strategies ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Hybrid Search ◽  
Search Spaces ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Numeric Information

Recently, there has been much interest in enhancing purely combinatorial formalisms with numerical information. For example, planning formalisms can be enriched by taking resource constraints and probabilistic information into account. The Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) paradigm from operations research provides a natural tool for solving optimization problems that combine such numeric and non-numeric information. The MIP approach relies heavily on linear program relaxations and branch-and-bound search. This is in contrast with depth-first or iterative deepening strategies generally used in artificial intelligence. We provide a detailed characterization of the structure of the underlying search spaces as explored by these search strategies. Our analysis shows that much can be gained by combining different search strategies for solving hard MIP problems, thereby leveraging each strategy's strength in terms of the combinatorial and numeric information.

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