Khorasan, the Birthplace of Post-Classical Philosophy, a Land in Decline?

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-76
Author(s):  
Frank Griffel
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Philosophy

Post-classical philosophy in Islam developed during the sixth/twelfth century in the eastern Islamic lands, in Iraq, Iran, and what is today Central Asia. Tracing the conditions and circumstances of its development requires an understanding of the political context, the patterns of patronage, and institutions of higher education and of research during this era. This chapter offers an introduction to the political history of the sixth/twelfth century with a focus on the courts that offered patronage to philosophers, and it analyzes the proliferation of madrasas during this era and their role for higher education and research.

Халхын Түмэнхэн хөндлөн цөөхүр ноёны асуудалд (= Об изучении биографии халхаского Тумэнхэн Сайн-нойон-хана)

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Chultemsuren P. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Political History ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Active Part ◽  
The Political ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

The article reveals the Khalkha history of the XVI–XVII centuries, describes the events where one of the prominent state and religious leaders Tumenkhen Sain-noyon (1558–1640) took an active part. It is noted that this was a historic period related to the third wave of the spread of Buddhism among Mongols. This also was the time of significant changes in the political history, economics and religious life of the countries and nations of Central Asia. During this period Tumenkhen Sain-noyon with his elder brother Avatai made great efforts to spread the teaching of Geluk, organize the building of Buddhist temples and translate sacred books.

Pisa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Civic Pride ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City ◽  
Real City

This chapter examines the development of the city commune in Pisa. Pisa had one of the earliest established communes in all of Italy, with the years around 1110 as the most likely period for its crystallization. Commerce was important in the city by the twelfth century. The chapter first considers the Pisans' civic pride before discussing the political history of the city in the period between around 1060 and 1130, showing that Pisa was run by a collective assembly known as a colloquium. It then discusses the first appearance of Pisa's consuls as real city representatives in 1109, along with the growing centrality of the communal polity. It also describes Pisa's military experiences, the stability of its ruling elite, and some families that played important roles in the affairs of the commune.

The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Griffel
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Philosophy ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This is a comprehensive study of the far-reaching changes that led to a reshaping of the philosophical discourse in Islam during the sixth/twelfth century. Whereas earlier Western scholars thought that Islam’s engagement with the tradition of Greek philosophy ended during that century, more recent analyses suggest its integration into the genre of rationalist Muslim theology (kalam). This book proposes a third view about the fate of philosophy in Islam. It argues that in addition to this integration, Muslim theologians picked up the discourse of philosophy in Islam (falsafa) and began to produce books on philosophy. Written by the same authors, books in these two genres, kalam and philosophy (hikma), argue for opposing teachings on the nature of God, the world’s creation, and the afterlife. This study explains the emergence of a new genre of philosophical books called hikma that stand opposed to Islamic theology and at the same time wish to complement it. Offering a detailed history of philosophy in Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia during the sixth/twelfth century together with an analysis of the circumstances of practicing philosophy during this time, this study can show how reports of falsafa, written by major Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111), developed step-by-step into critical assessments of philosophy that try to improve philosophical teachings and eventually become fully fledged philosophical summas in the work of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210). The book ends in a discussion of the different methods of kalam and hikma and the coherence and ambiguity of a Muslim post-classical philosopher’s œuvre.

scholarly journals Student Unrest in Lithuania After Stalin’s Death, 1953-1960

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Vanda Kašauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
Political Rivalry ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Orientation ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Following Stalin’s death, the political rivalry for the highest posts in the Kremlin and the ‘new political course’, initiated by Lavretii Beria, affected the social activity of Lithuanian students. Tendencies of the anti-Soviet movement again increased in Lithuania. Student national actions (in the documents of the Communist Party and state security referred to as ‘nationalistic anti-Soviet actions’) were detected in all the institutions of higher education in Lithuania in that period. Patriotically-minded students required to introduce Lithuanian in state offices and stop falsifying the history of Lithuania. They collected signatures for the return of the former names of the main streets of Vilnius and Kaunas (instead of being named after Stalin) and for the erection of a monument to the founder of Vilnius, Grand Duke Gediminas, in the capital. In 1955-57 the celebration of All Souls’ Day (2 November) became a peculiar form of student demonstration in the cemeteries of Vilnius and Kaunas. That was the first open action of protest after the suppression of the armed resistance. The ‘nationalistic actions’ of the students were associated with the changes in Eastern European countries. ‘The instigators of the disturbances’ were punished, expelled from the institutions of higher education, deprived of scholarships, dismissed from the hostels, etc. When Khrushchev had clearly established his superiority in 1959-1960, control from Moscow was strengthened and the pressure of the political regime and russification intensified. In some cases heads and teachers of the institutions of higher education were dismissed for their national orientation. Nevertheless, the re-introduction of the Lithuanian spirit and the processes of liberation helped to foster the national intelligentsia, which was at the head of the national re-birth movement in the late 1980s.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rembert Lutjeharms
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poetry And Poetics ◽  
Sanskrit Poetics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sanskrit Poetry ◽  
The Way

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book—Kavikarṇapūra, theology, Sanskrit poetry, and Sanskrit poetics—and provides an overview of each chapter. It briefly highlights the importance of the practice of poetry for the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition, places Kavikarṇapūra in the (political) history of sixteenth‐century Bengal and Orissa as well as sketches his place in the early developments of the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition (a topic more fully explored in Chapter 1). The chapter also reflects more generally on the nature of both his poetry and poetics, and highlights the way Kavikarṇapūra has so far been studied in modern scholarship.

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