The specifi cs of Monotheism (tawhid) as “a thing-in-itself”. On the Evolution of Islamic Theology in the Late Russian Empire

In this paper, we will try to give a dynamic characterization of the object and the subject of Modern theology among the Tatar Muslims on the exemplar of the theological views of ‘Abdunnasīr Qursavi (1776–1812), Shihabutdin Marjani (1818–1889) and Murad Ramzi (1854–1934) (and partly of their contemporaries). The incognizability of the Creator and the faith as “a thing-in-itself” transformed Tatar Religious Epistemology into the cognition of more defi nite realities. Agnosticism in the question of God’s attributes led to the anthropocentric features of theological worldviews. The above-mentioned chain of theologians demonstrates not only the continuity of the Tatar Theology, but also refl ects the dynamics of the evolution of the attitude towards the madhhabs and towards the role of an individual, the specifi cs of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidiya Sufi brotherhood, as well as the Ottoman ‘usul fi qh’ in the modernization period of the early XVIII century. In general, the works of Qursavi constitute a certain system of views that can be considered as a certain cornerstone, the so-called ‘starting point’ of Tatar School of Theology.

The Significance of Tabayyun Practice as Conflict Resolution in Indonesian Society

<p class="abstrak">This article seeks to explain the significance of Tabayyun's practice as conflict resolution in Indonesian society. Indonesia is a multicultural country with considerable potential for conflict. To prevent that, it is necessary to be aware in the community to be open to each other and try to find clarity on a problem/information so as not to cause prolonged conflict. In Islamic Theology, the practice is called Tabbayun. The research problem in this study is the extent to which the significance of Tabayyun's practice can be a conflict resolution in Indonesian society? This research uses a qualitative approach using library methods and is also supported by data from interviews with Muslim figures who have practiced tabayyun in resolving conflicts in society. The results of this study show that tabayyun practice has a very big meaning in solving social conflicts in Indonesian society because it can improve the quality of information conveyed and received, clarify the root causes in a conflict, prevent disasters due to unclear root problems in conflict, and foster social ethics based on religious values in Islamic theology.</p><p class="abstrak"><em>Artikel ini berupaya menjelaskan pentingnya praktik Tabayyun sebagai penyelesaian konflik di masyarakat Indonesia. Masalah penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah sejauh mana signifikansi praktik Tabayyun dapat menjadi penyelesaian konflik di masyarakat Indonesia?. Indonesia adalah negara multikultural dengan potensi konflik yang cukup besar. Untuk mencegah hal itu, perlu diwaspadai di masyarakat untuk saling terbuka dan berusaha mencari kejelasan sebuah permasalahan/informasi agar tidak menimbulkan konflik yang berkepanjangan. Dalam Teologi Islam, praktik ini disebut Tabbayun. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode kepustakaan dan juga didukung dengan data hasil wawancara dengan tokoh-tokoh muslim yang telah mengamalkan tabayyun dalam menyelesaikan konflik di masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktik Tabayyun memiliki arti yang sangat besar dalam penyelesaian konflik sosial di masyarakat Indonesia karena dapat meningkatkan kualitas informasi yang disampaikan dan diterima, memperjelas akar permasalahan dalam sebuah konflik, mencegah bencana karena ketidakjelasan akar permasalahan dalam konflik, dan menumbuhkan etika sosial berdasarkan nilai-nilai agama dalam teologi Islam.</em></p>

IDEOLOGI ZIONISME DALAM TIMBANGAN TEOLOGI ISLAM: KAJIAN ATAS RASISME DALAM PEMIKIRAN ZIONISME

Zionism is one of the great agenda of the Jewish nation to rule the world. The movement can be considered far from human values, all of which originate from their ideology contained in the Talmud and Protocols of Zion. This article aims to reveal the basic ideas of Zionism which became their principle in the movement to conquer the world. Through a search of the literature regarding the theme of the discussion and the descriptive-critical analysis method, it is hoped that it can explain the racism side of the Zionist ideology which is clearly contrary to Islamic Islamic theology and human values. This study shows several important points, including: first, Zionism is a movement of the Jewish people to reclaim Baitul Maqdis; second, the Modern Zionism Movement was initiated by Theodor Herzl through the establishment of the Modern State of Palestine; third, the Zionist movement is based on their ideology taken from the Talmud and the Protocols of Zion. The core ideology in these two sources is to assert that the Jews are the best nation in the world, nations other than them are considered not descendants of Adam and even considered animals, God has given the Jews the rights to rule over all nations other than them, and so on; Fourth, the ideology of Zionism if viewed from the perspective of Islamic theology there are many mistakes because basically Allah views all human beings as equal and the only difference is their piety, there are some confusions in the Zionist conception of God, and some of their ideologies have confusion between argument one and argument. other. Therefore, the author concludes that the ideology of Zionism is contrary to the point of view of Islamic theology, besides that it is also not in accordance with the principles of humanity. Zionisme merupakan salah satu agenda besar bangsa Yahudi untuk menguasai dunia. Gerakannya bisa dianggap jauh dari nilai kemanusiaan, di mana semua itu bersumber dari ideologi mereka yang ada dalam Kitab Talmud dan Protocols of Zion. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap dasar-dasar pemikiran Zionisme yang menjadi prinsip mereka dalam gerakan menaklukkan dunia. Melalui penelusuran literatur-literatur berkenaan dengan tema pembahasan dan metode deskriptif-analisis kritis diharapkan dapat menjelaskan tentang sisi rasisme ideologi Zionisme yang itu jelas bertentangan dengan teologi Islam dan nilai kemanusiaan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan beberapa poin penting, di antaranya yaitu: pertama, Zionisme merupakan gerakan bangsa Yahudi untuk merebut kembali Baitul Maqdis; kedua, Gerakan Zionisme modern diprakarsai oleh Theodor Herzl melalui pembentukan Negara Modern Palestina; ketiga, Gerakan Zionisme tersebut didasari oleh ideologi mereka yang diambil dari Kitab Talmud dan Protocols of Zion. Inti ideologi dalam kedua sumber ini adalah menegaskan bahwa bangsa Yahudi merupakan bangsa terbaik di dunia, bangsa selain mereka dianggap bukan keturunan Adam bahkan dianggap hewan, Tuhan telah menganugrahi bangsa Yahudi hak-hak untuk menguasai seluruh bangsa selain mereka, dan lain sebagainya; keempat, ideologi Zionisme tersebut jika ditinjau dari perspektif teologi Islam terdapat banyak kesalahan karena pada dasarnya Allah memandang semua umat manusia itu sama dan yang membedakannya hanyalah ketakwaannya, terdapat beberapa kerancuan dalam konsepsi Zionis tentang Tuhan, dan beberapa ideologi mereka memiliki kerancuan antara argumen satu dengan argument lain. Oleh karena itu, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa ideologi Zionisme bertentangan dengan sudut pandang teologi Islam, selain itu juga banyak tidak sesuai dengan prinsip kemanusiaan.

Paradigma Keagamaan Dosen Pendidikan Agama Islam di Universitas Tirtayasa Banten

This study aims to explain the religious paradigm of lecturers in Islamic religious education at Tirtayasa University, Banten, using a qualitative approach. The research was conducted from April to June 2021. Data collection techniques used interviews, and content analysis. The informants involved were all lecturers of Islamic religious education. This study found that there were variations in religious paradigms, educational background and scientific interests, access to sources and reading materials, as well as religious styles adopted. The book used contains an acute problem related to the problem of religious moderation. The discussion on the themes of monotheism and Islamic theology has a significant difference with the general attitude of the people of Banten and its surroundings. An important implication of the results of this study is that several themes on history, Islamic social and political thought, as well as the science of monotheism and the science of kalam need to be reviewed, enriched by references, and further enrich the sources of religious thought. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan paradigma keagamaan dosen mata kuliah pendidikan agama Islam pada Universitas Tirtayasa Banten, dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Juni tahun 2021. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, dan konten analisis. Informan yang terlibat adalah seluruh dosen pendidikan agama Islam. Penelitian ini menemukan adanya variasi paradigma keagamaan, latar belakang pendidikan dan minat keilmuan, akses terhadap sumber dan bahan bacaan, serta corak keagamaan yang dianut. Buku yang digunakan mengandung problem akut terkait dengan masalah moderasi beragama. Bahasan tentang tema-tema tauhid dan teologi Islam memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan dengan anutan umum masyarakat Banten dan sekitarnya. Implikasi penting dari hasil kajian ini, beberapa tema tentang sejarah, pemikiran sosial dan politik Islam, serta ilmu tauhid dan ilmu kalam perlu dilakukan peninjauan ulang, pengayaan referensi, dan lebih memperkaya nuktah-nuktah pemikiran keagamaan.

LIFE AND THE PROBLEM OF TOLERANCE IN THE WORLDVIEW OF IMAM MATURIDI

Despite the fact that the Muslim ummah was united at the time of the emergence of Islam, over time, disputes over issues of faith and law arose between them. Conquest movements and the acquaintance of Muslims with other peoples over time led to the emergence of various trends, the dissemination of arguments and theoretical questions related to socio-political problems. At the end of this process, currents emerged that began to divide into different schools. During this period, religious and theological schools began to take their own forms. Most of these schools opposed different currents of the time and formed important schools, communicating openly or secretly with other currents. And a significant part of society began to adhere to their views. One of these schools of Maturidism originated in Transoxiana. Khorasan and Transoxiana were important regions of Iran and the Islamic world from the early centuries until the arrival of the Mongols. This region attracted attention for its geographical and natural features. Abu Mansour al-Maturidi is the leader of Ahl al-Sunnah in Transoxiana. Imam Maturidi systematically reconstructed the views associated with Islamic beliefs written in Abu Hanifa's book “Fikkhul Akbar”. Maturidi's views on Islamic theology were named by the Maturidi school because of its ability to give scientific character to its beliefs. Since most of the Hanafi scholars held the views of the faith of Imam Maturidi, he was also accepted as a mutakallim of the Hanafi school, which was formed within the views of Abu Hanifa.

Kuntowijoyo’s Social Prophetics and The Theological Paradigms in Islam

This article illustrates the stagnation of classical theology and the possibility of constructing prophetic Islamic theology with the social prophetics foundation is built by Kuntowijoyo. The stagnation of classical theology is the main reason for the importance of developing scientific theories, especially social prophetics to answer the problems faced by Muslims. The Kuntowijoyoan Social Prophetics as the conceptual foundation has a humanization, liberation and transcendence orientation. The aiming of this article is to review the philosophical foundations of social prophetics that have a very deep philosophical foundation ranging from philosophy, theology and classical Sufism in Islam as the Indonesian Muslim intellectual ideology today

To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures

The purgatory doctrine, which has played a vital role in Christian culture, states that most believers must experience afterlife punishment in order to be cleansed of their sins before entering Heaven. Traditional Islamic theology rejects the notion of purgatory (Al-Motahher) through the Balance doctrine (Mizan), which states that if the good deeds performed during a Muslim’s life outweigh their bad deeds, the person will enter heaven without suffering or punishment. This study hypothesizes that folk intuitions and cognitive biases (tendency to proportionality) explain, in part, the emergence and spread of the purgatory doctrine in the Islamic world. Drawing on a cognitive science of religion lens, the current study examines this hypothesis in an Islamic cultural context. Quantitative surveys (three studies) conducted in Jordan (n = 605, and n = 239) and Malaysia (n = 303) indicate that the doctrine of purgatory is prevalent (36% in Jordan and 69% in Malaysia) despite its contradiction with the Balance doctrine as defined by Islamic theology. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the phenomenon of theological incorrectness in Muslim afterlife beliefs by using empirical research. Implementation of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The Islamic Theology with A Multicultural Perspective as the Basis for Religious Learning in Yogyakarta State Elementary Schools

This study aims to describe the multicultural Islamic religious learning found in several state schools in the special region of Yogyakarta. The problem in this study is how a Muslim teacher teaches Islam where students consist of various religions and traditions. The method used to obtain data in this study is interviews, document, and observation. In addition, it is also seen from the textbooks used by Islamic religious teachers in learning. From the results of this study, it can be obtained data that the learning of Islamic religious education in Yogyakarta public schools contains and has multicultural nuances. This can be seen from the aspects of learning methods in the classroom, teacher, and student relations, and how to organize classes. At the end of the article, there are also teaching materials that are conveyed in learning such as, Qur'an, the history of Islamic culture, Islamic law, and morals. Each of these subjects is taught with the faith of a Muslim but with a multicultural perspective.

Dying a Good Death: Indonesian Rituals and Negotiations About the End of Life

In the following article, I aim to provide an insight into the Islamic understanding of death as perceived by a typical Indonesian Muslim family in South Sumatra. The discussion on what it means to die a good death is used as a central theme to introduce the Islamic rituals and practices surrounding death. I pay special attention to the signs observed by the members of the family while accompanying the dying person and examine how these are grounded in the particular religioscape of South Sumatra. The article is written at the crossroad of area studies and Islamic theology.