Conflict as a Problem and Threat to National and International Security

The beginning of the 21st century is characterized by a deep crisis of the national and international security system. For many factors caused by the intensification of military-political conflicts of a new type, the term “hybrid war” is now used. A feature of these conflicts is, in the first place, the use by the opponents of a wide scale of non-military means of influence: economic, informational, environmental, social, political and others. It is important here to justify the importance of the transformation of the state system of civil protection, which is being developed under the influence of contemporary military and political conflicts. The problem of military-political rivalry, by defining the content of the term “military-political conflict”, leads to a confrontation of political entities both within the state and at the state level, as well as between states, aimed at achieving their own political interests using various means and ways of influencing the political, military, economic, social and information spheres. The purpose of this speech is to present the mechanisms of solving all existing problems related to the functioning of society and to present the forms and features of contemporary hybrid conflicts.

The Great Game in Front and Central Asia in the XIX century: historiography of the question

The purpose of the article is to study the events of the big game, their reflection and comparison in Russian and English historiography. For its implementation, considerable amounts of materials related both to the time of these events and to modern authors were used. Since the research concerns the topic of political rivalry between the two states, the observation of a subjective attitude in some works is not unexpected. However, the works presented in the article generally stand up to historical objectivity. The Big Game is an important event in terms of what is essentially a forerunner of subsequent global conflicts, primarily the cold war.

Medium der konkurrierenden Herrschaftsrepräsentation?

It is a truth universally acknowledged that opera seria was designed as a power-enhancing spectacle to impress not only local publics but also foreign courts, particularly the major European power players. Modern scholarship considers official envoys as the main agents of transmitting information about performances, titles, storylines and the meaning of operas. However, this common perception can be disproved by evaluating the reports of the Austrian embassy in Berlin between 1740 and 1780, the critical years of political rivalry between Austria and Prussia. Music and opera are rarely mentioned in the coverage of court and political news; a targeted interest in their aesthetic value or potential political interpretation did not exist. These findings challenge common perceptions of serious opera as a means of princely representation between the courts of the ancien regime.

Brytyjska Izba Lordów na przełomie XIX i XX wieku... Ewolucja pozycji w systemie politycznym

The paper concerns the evolution of the political position of the House of Lords until the end of the 19thcentury. The author presents the time of stabilisation of the relations of the two parliamentary chambers andidentifies its causes. He also discusses the increasing disruption of relations between the two chambers ofthe British Parliament following from electoral reforms and, consequently, the decomposition of the hithertounified conservative political environment and the emergence of liberal forces. This resulted in increasinglystrong ideological and political rivalry between the conservative House of Lords and the largely liberal Houseof Commons.

Indonesia’s Response to the Pandemic

This chapter analyzes the Jokowi government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic and explains why it has not been capable of responding quickly to Covid-19. There were four main barriers: first, the unhealthy relationship between the Indonesian Medical Association and the recently appointed minister of health affairs; second, the political rivalry between Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s (known as Jokowi) administration and the current governor of Jakarta, the national capital of Indonesia; third, the incompetence of the Jokowi cabinet, where lack of leadership has been shown during the crisis; and finally, the conservative religious groups’ position, rejecting the request not to organize mass prayers. The combination of these four barriers contributed to the slow response and ineffectiveness of the government’s policies and regulations during the Covid-19 crisis. The response was too little, too late. The Jokowi administration was pushed into a corner, making unclear policies, uncoordinated responses, and conflicting statements.

MOSCOW «ODYSSEY» OF A SERBIAN COLONEL. RUSSIAN-SERBIAN MILITARY-ECONOMIC COOPERATION ON THE EVE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The article is devoted to the little-studied issue of the peculiarities of Russian-Serbian economic ties. The author argues that the Russian-Austrian relations in the Balkan region were not only in the nature of political rivalry, but were associated with the general economic interests of Russia in the Danube region.

Statistical Methods for Conducting the Ontology and Classifications of Fake News on Social Media

Fake news and its impacts are serious threats to social media in recent time. Studies on the ontology of these problems reveal that serious cybercrimes such as character assassination, misinformation, and blackmailing that some people intentionally perpetrate through social networks significantly correlate with fake news. Consequently, some classical studies on social anthropology have profiled the problems and motives of perpetrators of fake news on political, rivalry, and religious issues in contemporary society. However, this classification is restrictive and statistically defective in dealing with cyber security, forensic problems, and investigation of social dynamics on social media. This chapter exhaustively discusses the above issues and identifies solutions to challenges confronting research community in the above domain. Thematic analysis of responses of certain respondents reveal three new classifications of fake news that people propagate on social media on the basis of mode of propagation, motives of perpetrators, and impacts on victims.